Alzheimer’s disease Essay Example for Free (#3)

Alzheimer’s disease Essay What causes Alzheimer’s disease neurologically? This question came to my mind when I was watching the movie ‘The Notebook’ for the fifth time. Unusual for a guy, I love romantic genre movies and I was wondering why Alzheimer causes short and long term memory loss. I also had an interest on the Alzheimer’s disease after watching the movie ‘Rise of the Planet of the Apes’ where the protagonist tries to fix the neurology nerve system to heal his father’s Alzheimer. What causes Alzheimer’s disease neurologically? I think the core reason of the Alzheimer’s disease lie on the nerve pathway signal transmission. I think the nerve pathway signal transmission system is same as all of the body functional system and as it grows older and older, the functioning of the specific nerve pathway signal transmission for memories weakens and decreases. #4 Making predictions based on this model If the problem of the Alzheimer’s disease is in the nerve pathway signal transmission, then the Alzheimer’s disease is indeed a neurological problem. If we can find out the way to re-ignite the signal or heal the receiving or sending parts of the neurological nerve signal system, then we will be able to delay the process of the disease or even fix it permanently. I do not know the system of the central neurological nerve system of the human nor the treatment of the Alzheimer’s disease. However, to find out numerous people with and without the disease should complete the cause of the Alzheimer’s disease. Run a MRI test on brain of the participants and compare the MRI results with the people with and without the Alzheimer’s disease. If it shows some difference showing the weakening or decreasing of the nerve pathway signal transmission then we can conclude that the neurological nerve pathway signal transmission is the cause of the Alzheimer’s disease. However, we can’t be sure that that is the only causes of the Alzheimer’s disease so we will have to create more experiments. Alzheimer disease is a neurological disease and it is one of the many forms of dementia. The researches says that the Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia since its percentage is over half of the total dementia cases. My question was ‘what causes the Alzheimer’s disease neurologically?’ so I decided to first go research about the neuroscience of the human body since the Alzheimer’s disease is primarily the degenerating of the signal pathway system in the brain. The human have a special cell called the neurons in the nervous system and these cells communicate with other cells by synapses. This is the most basic difference between a normal cell and a neuron. Synapses signal can be either chemical or electrical and they are just membrane-to-membrane junctions with such molecular machinery that produces rapid transmission of signals. There isn’t just one neuron in human. In fact, there are hundreds of different types with differ ent functions and shapes. So all these information led me to an another question of ‘what kind of neurons are related to the Alzheimer’s disease?’ I found out that Alzheimer’s kills neurons due to the accumulation of proteins in the brain. That is why the Alzheimer’s diseases are called the neurodegenerative diseases. I couldn’t specifically find the exact neurons that are related to the Alzheimer’s disease but I found out that the Alzheimer’s kills these neurons in the brain by proteinaceous plaques. An article by ‘Journal of Neuroscience’ did a research on A-beta, a peptide that surrounds the dying neurons in certain regions of the brain. The research said they weren’t sure if the A-Beta is the protein that kills the neurons. A-Beta becomes toxic when it forms an oligomer. Oligomer means a molecule that consists of a few monomer units. A-Beta oligomers are bad for neurons because it causes the neurons to re-enter the cell cycle. This is bad because once the brain neurons become adult cells, these are not supposed to divide. This is why neuronal cancers are very rare because the neurons cells don’t divide once it reaches adulthood. Then the articles went into deeper matters with mouse models so I stopped my research of A-Beta here. It says that the cause for the Alzheimer’s disease is essentially unknown and all of these researches are part of the hypotheses. There are many hypotheses including the cholinergic and the amyloid hypotheses. But the A-Beta is the most recent hypotheses in the field of  science since the A-Beta theory was updated in 2009. Then, I took my TA’s advice and went to find the biology behind the transmission of nerve impulses. Neurons have a part called the dendrites and this is where the neuron fires a correct impulse to another neuron through the axon. Axon is a long projection that connects nerve cells. Just like a normal cell, the neurons have cell membranes as well. When the neuron is not transmitting impulse, the reason is in its cell membrane. When the neuron cell is polarized, that is when the neuron is inactive. The outside of the cell contains excess sodium ions and the inside of the cell contains excess potassium ions. However, the inside of the cell is negative due to other negatively charged protein and nucleic acid molecules inside the cell. There are Na+/K+ pumps on the membranes and it is permeable! When the neuron gets stimulated, the sodium ions flow in to the cell and the neuron gets depolarized. When the neuron reaches the complete depolarization, impulse is transmitted through the axon and thus makes the cell active. When the impulse fires from a neuron, the other neuron at the end of the axon depolarizes and calcium ions are allowed to enter the cell. Then a chemical called a neurotransmitter is released into the synapse. The neurotransmitter then binds to proteins on the neuron membrane to receive the impulse. The proteins are the receptors of the many different neurotransmitter and the neurotransmitters does have specific receptor proteins. It is logical that when the neurons die from proteins of the Alzheimer’s disease, the synapses and impulse decreases and decreases. Therefore, I began to have questions about the effect and the symptoms of the Alzheimer’s disease due to the death of many neurons. Alzheimer’s disease equals the loss of neurons and synapses in the cerebral cortex. The most common effect and symptom of the Alzheimer’s disease is the loss of memory and mental skills. The chance of getting an Alzheimer’s disease is higher for older populations. The symptoms advance as the time passes. The speed of the progress of the disorder differs from person to person but most of them start with forgetfulness. It is probably the neuron transmission failure. As the brain neuron dies, the mental state of the human weakens and decreases. When the Alzheimer’s disease attacks the frontal lobe of the brain, the person’s mood swing can be dangerously unstable. It is because the frontal lobe controls the feeling and the behavior of a person. The person can also have problems  with washing and cleaning him/herself because another function of the frontal lobe of the brain is to plan things based on what is wrong and what is right. Also 40% of the Alzheimer’s patients have low appetite in food and have significant weight loss because as the neuron dies, the olfactory and taste nerves fails. All of these symptoms are all directly connected to the problems with the brain neurons. So my first starting question of ‘what causes Alzheimer’s disease neurologically?’ was answered. A simple but sophisticated disruption of a tiny neuron cells in the brain causes the Alzheimer’s disease. Then I began to think if there are any treatment researches going on in the field of biology. I found one research that caught my eyes and it was stem cells. Professor Kim of the Chung-Ang University in South Korea successfully restored a mouse’s brain function by transplanting a human nerve stem cell. He was able to transplant a stem cell containing acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter, and the articles said that the mouse restored its brain function to a normal state. Professor Kim’s work is also announced in an international journal called ‘Cell Transplantation.’ #7 Repeat (Modify, extend or reject) ‘What is the specific molecule (possibly a protein) that affects the neuron of the brains so it causes the Alzheimer’s disease neurologically?’ and ‘How will transplanting stem cell containing a neurotransmitter called ‘Acetycholine’ affect the human Alzheimer’s disease?’ These are my two refined questions after my exploration of the Alzheimer’s disease. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_system#Neurons http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer’s_disease http://www.dummies.com/how-to/content/understanding-the-transmission-of-nerve-impulses.html http://scienceblogs.com/purepedantry/2009/02/12/how-does-alzheimers-kill-neuro/ (Authors: N.H. Varvel, K. Bhaskar, A.R. Patil, S.W. Pimplikar, K. Herrup, B.T. Lamb) http://voices.yahoo.com/the-dreadful-effects-alzheimers-disease-116725.html?cat=70 (Publisher: Carl Kolchack, freelance article writer) http://blog.naver.com/vitaminmd?Redirect=Log&logNo=110133967592 (Publisher: Vitamin MD) http://www.medworld.co.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=63612 (Youn Sang Yong Reporter) Alzheimer’s disease. (2016, Jun 14).

Course work Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Course work - Coursework Example This report will delve into the contractual process and suggest the most suitable form of contract that will have both parties satisfied. The Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) sought to manoeuvre this issue and develop a contract that is satisfactory to everyone (Broome, 1999, p3). The New Engineering Contract (NEC), also known as the NEC Engineering and Construction Contract, was their solution to this problem. This contract is an official system that seeks to guide individuals in the drafting of projects; both engineering and construction, to obtain tenders and the awarding of contracts (Forward, 2002, p7). This contract details the duties and responsibilities of the clients (employers) and the contractors (employees) during the progress of the project. A Works Information is also included in the NEC; this also includes the first Contract Data, client’s information, and the second Contract Data, contractors’ information (Institution of Civil Engineers 1995, p.6). NEC is an international standard that is adopted by several countries, notably the United Kingdom. Despite being internationally recognized, there are several reasons for choosing this contract. First and foremost, NEC emphasizes on developing mutual trust and co-operation for all parties involved in the contract. The risk involved in the project is collaborated and managed by all parties leading to efficient contract management practices (Broome, 1999, p19). It fosters good management of the work detailed in the contract. It does this by ensuring both parties are in good terms with one another. Secondly, NEC as a contract is applicable in all fields that involve contracts. It is applicable in construction, engineering, maintenance and consultancy contracts (Weddell & Weddell, 2006, p4). Furthermore, this contract has several payment options that cater for the clients and

Review McDonald's Organizational Chart Assignment

Review McDonald's Organizational Chart - Assignment Example In the case of McDonald’s organizational chart, the top management is headed by the chief executive officer called James A Skinner (Narapareddy, 2009). Just below the Chief executive there are vice presidents who are also the heads of the company’s different functional units. These functional units are managed from the head office and divided into smaller group managers in different markets where the company operates. These include group president – McDonalds Canada, president – MacDonald’s Asia/pacific, Middle East and Canada; Chief Operating officer – McDonald’s USA and the president of McDonald’s USA (Narapareddy, 2009). The group leaders in different markets are then divided into different divisions e.g. President – central division for McDonald’s USA, East Division for McDonald’s USA, West Division for McDonald’s USA etc. The company’s multidivisional structure therefore represents a geogr aphical structure with four important segments: McDonald’s – USA, McDonald’s – Europe, McDonald’s – Asia/pacific, Middle East and Africa; and McDonald’s – other countries and corporate (Narapareddy, 2009). This structure is a typical example of a multidivisional structure where divisions are managed geographically; each divisional manager managing a given geographical region. This is because theory suggests that multidivisional or divisional organizational chart marks off an organizational structure according to the demands of different markets, customers and products in their given business environment. In the case of McDonald’s organizational chart, the different divisions represent the demands of different geographical markets as illustrated in the organizational chart. McDonald’s organizational chart is a good chart representing a successful structure of the company. However, there are various improvements whi ch I could recommend for the organizational structure. First, I recommend that the divisions of the company should be based not only on the geographical markets but also the products of the company. For instance, the company may have food division, grocery division and beverages division. Another recommendation which I think can be more beneficial for the company is to increase the geographical divisions so as to reduce the burden of the divisional managers. For instance, McDonald’s Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa division may be divided into three divisions: McDonald’s Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa as different divisions not as a single division. The company should also divide McDonald’s Canada and Latin America division into three divisions namely Latin America Division, Canada Division and Mexico division. Europe’s division may also be divided into Eastern Europe and Western Europe divisions. Finally, a good recommendation for the companyâ €™s organizational structure is for the company to establish a central division which offers central services such as finance, CSR and other centrally managed services of the company. These central services are conducted with a direct link to the various divisions through an integrative, participative and proactive system which ensures that there is an effective information flow from the top management through different management levels to the various divisions of the company (Rollinson 2008). Despite the various aspects which require improvements, McDonald’

Uses of Force by Chicago, New York, La police Research Paper

Uses of Force by Chicago, New York, La police - Research Paper Example Uses of Force by Chicago, New York, La police As maintainers of law and order in the public, police officers should be more cautious on the way they handle people in the public. From sociological and psychological view point, modern study scrutinizes on the determinants of police use of force using data gathered by Garner and Maxwell in 1996- 1997.The information herein entailed the adult custody arrests in six urban law enforcement agencies in the U.S. Dissimilar to most of the recent studies; the degree of force is extended to comprise threat of force as well as varied levels of physical force. The results have revealed strong and reliable evidence that probability os using force and the quantity of force used by the police largely is dependent on what the suspect commits rather than who the suspect is, even after controlling for other factors. The way a suspect is handled and the conduct towards the police seems as the most essential factor explaining the use of force behavior. The results obtained also reveals the effects of race and the gender relations as well as the occurrence of eyewitness and other officers on the outlook. Police use of force The na ture of police to citizen encounter may vary from civil to very fiery, and this may entail both verbal and physical conflict. Acknowledging that characteristics of such nature may encounter alongside with the behaviors of the officers and suspects is essential to comprehend the factors impacting police use of force. All over the world, policing entails and at times demands some amount of force. Bittner (1975) accentuates on this aspect of police work and, moreover, affirms that police are nothing else but a mechanism for the dissemination of situational acceptable force in the society. The law and enforcement officers, are required to use force in particular circumstances, are trained in the use of force, and, in general, encounter numerous situations on their due course of duty when the use of force is required. For instance, in arresting wrongdoers, averting escape, putting into custody the disorderly participants, or when safeguarding themselves and the blameless victims from get ting injured. As it has been confirmed by Skolnick and Fyfe (1993, p. 37), â€Å"as long as the public continues defying law and order, and resist arrest, use of force by the police remains inevitable. Even though the use of force by the police has been significant inn averting and regulating law and order in the society, it has however contributed to alarming rate of social and legal consequences amid the police and the public. This is an aspect that has predominantly resulted towards studying on this essential topic and would enrich our knowledge towards an efficient comprehension in this area of study. Recent research carried out on police use of force reveals that police use force rarely (Adams, 1999; Friedrich, 1980; Garner, Buchanan, Schade, & Hepburn, 1996; Garner & Maxwell, 1999; Worden, 1996). Whether indicated by authorized use of force, (Alpert & Dunham, 1999), the complaints of the citizens, those surveying the officers, the arrestees, citizens or the observational meth ods the recorded data constantly reveal that only a minor portion of police – public relations makes use of force. On the other hand, the encounter amid of the police and the citizen, in which police officers frequently are compelled to make swift decisions may generate inappropriate or unnecessary use of force that may ruin and lower the repute of police authority and authenticity in the public. Among the different theoretical orientations used to explain police use of force, Terrill and Mastrofski (2002) identifies a particular sociological and psychological perspective that

European Union Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

European Union - Term Paper Example This paper will also outline various aspects that shape business among EU member states such as the law as well as other constraints that may exist. Having realised the destructive effects and killings caused by WW2, Europe is split into East and West. â€Å"West European nations create the Council of Europe in 1949. It is a first step towards cooperation between them, but six countries want to go further† European Union, 2013). Essentially, the main reason of cooperation among the European countries was to promote peace and economic activity among member states. The member states agreed that they will run their heavy industries involving coal and iron under common management and that the member states of the organization would not turn against each other. Initially, the Council of Europe was comprised of six founding countries namely: Germany, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg. After realising the success of the Coal Treaty, the member states expanded coo peration to include other sectors of the economy. Ideally, the aim was to create a situation where people, goods as well as services could freely move across borders. As time moved, more countries joined the EU and more laws and policies were formulated to strengthen the ties among the member states. The single market was established in the early 2000s and it sought to establish four freedoms: the free movement of goods, services, people and money (EU, 2013). In 2004 the 25 EU countries sign a Treaty establishing a European Constitution. According to the EU website, this decision was meant to democratise the decision-making and management in an EU. A single currency, the Euro is then introduced and meant for commercial and financial transactions only among the member states. This liberalised trade among all member states such that they no longer face any trade barriers when they want to engage in trade with other member states. The main advantaged of free trade is that the member st ates can immensely benefit since they would not be subject to harsh operational conditions such as high tariffs when trade is taking place between non-member states. The EU has also been designed in such a way that it attracts investment in different member countries. There are high chances of economic growth and development when investment tales place in different countries. Jobs are created and more revenue will be generated from such programs. The EU also plays a pivotal role in assisting developing countries so that they can also develop their economies. This bloc also promotes trade with the developing countries where it also benefits from the raw materials that are not found in this area. The EU has created equality among all member states where it can be observed that they can engage in fair trade. Fair trade practices among the member states are intended to stimulate economic growth as well as to improve the welfare of the citizens in the member states. In as far as the rule s that guide the operations of the EU are concerned, it can be seen that an agreement is reached before they are adopted as laws. The EU also set trade practices and standards among all members and these ought to be followed by all nations involved. 2. The EU

Aerobics class in london Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Aerobics class in london - Essay Example The purpose of this paper is to find out opportunities provided for the community to engage in sporting activities and which groups of people the sport activities target. This paper will reveal research findings and results after visiting a community sports leisure center. Activities carried out in the center will be mentioned as well as the targeted groups and benefits of the mentioned activities. To receive accurate data, an arranged permitted interview will be conducted so as to learn more about the center. Observation and other mode of primary data collection will be discussed as well as the collection of secondary data. The center under study is central YMCA club. This club is a component of a charity organization; this makes this fitness center only one of its kind in the health and fitness sector. This club offers a center for the community members to interact in a social perspective. This therefore leads to its welcoming, friendly and warm environment as it leads to a feeling of belonging and enables members to achieve fitness and health through a wide range of activities offered. (Prasad, 6). The mission of this club: To advance the wellbeing and health of the community via the providence of fitness, sport and art- based programs. Such programs will include: positive health, older adults, performing arts, creative arts, mind and body, exercise nutrition, Y active kids, healthy living, and pre and post natal. However, the program under focus is mind and body. Under this program several concepts are practiced. The area of concern in this report is Tai Chi. This is an aerobic exercise which develops a healthy mind and body; it includes meditation as well as slow aerobic sessions. (Tucker, 7) 2. Methodology My initial visit at the Central YMCA was on 19-03-2013. I collected brochures and fliers concerning the organization at the reception desk. I walked around the facility and observed the activities taking place. I also met with the assistant coordinator and discussed my intentions as well as handed him my letter of introduction. We arranged my next visit to the center as well as the activities I was to undertake so as to facilitate the findings of my report paper. I collected more relevant information concerning the fitness facility in their website. My next visit was on 22-03-2013. I met with the assistant facilitator discussed my report paper and I was given a go ahead as well as the date and venue to collect my data. I then walked around the facility and observed the activities. On 26-03-2013, 30 random members of Central YMCA were selected by I and a group interview was conducted. This was done with permission from the management of the organization. The venue was at the board room, time 2:00- 4:00 pm. I asked the participants each question as I recorded the results. Each member answered individually. Questions asked to each member included: a. Why do you attend Central YMCA? b. Do you like the aerobic programs? c. How many att end Tai Chi? Reason for attendance? Two aerobic instructors of Central YMCA were also interviewed. The management of the organization was informed and the employees permitted to give concerned information. This took place on the 26- 03- 2013, at the boardroom, 11:30 am -12:15 pm and 6:00- 5:45 pm. Questions asked included: a. What are the opportunities provided for people to participate in aerobic fitness activities? b. What is the target group? c. Which aerobic program comprises of a majority of people? Why? d. How does the community benefit from the organization? e. How many attend Tai Chi? Reason for attendance? 3. Findings i. Primary data collected Data collected from the members was

Ammendments to the bill of rights of the US Constitution Essay

Ammendments to the bill of rights of the US Constitution - Essay Example Bill of Rights is the synonym of freedom to American citizens. The rights and freedoms that are covered under the Bill of Rights involve, Freedom of Speech, Freedom of the Press, Freedom of Assembly, Freedom to keep and Bear Arms, Freedom of Religion and Protection for that Accused of Crimes. Other crucial rights covered by Bill of Rights include Freedom to petition as well as the rights to save themselves from unreasonable search, seizure and cruel and unusual punishment. Citizens of United States are also entitled to the rights against compelled self-incrimination. The Bill of Rights limits the powers of the federal government in United States. These restrictions on the rights of the government boost up the rights of the citizens, visitors, and other temporary residents in the nation. Bill of Rights guarantees several crucial enumerated rights to the citizens. These amendments also control the government from making any new laws that respect the establishment of religion. These ame ndments also ensure that the government does not seize anybody’s life, property or freedom unless it happens by the processes of the law. Bill of Rights ensure that the Congress do not make any citizen deprive of his life and liberty. In the matter of criminal cases only the indictment by grand jury can deal a capital (infamous) crime. These special freedom rights ensure a speedy public trial on these cases using a local or impartial jury. These rights also ensure there never occurs a double jeopardy. The Fifth Amendment upholds the rights of people in this case. Majority of the Bill of Rights were applied to the nation by a sequence of decisions that include the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. These were included after the American Civil War. The Bill of Rights is a fundamental symbol of the freedom, liberty, independence and choice of the nation. Bill of Rights was first prepared in 1789 by James Madison and was drafted during a period when there happened nu merous ideological misunderstandings between Federalists and anti-Federalists. These ideological conflicts had started since the 1787 Philadelphia Convention. These conflicts and the associated problems questioned the Constitution's ratification. The Bill of Rights is closely associated with the 1689 English Bill of Rights, George Mason's 1776 Virginia Declaration of Rights, English political documents like Magna Carta (1215) and the other important documents that were associated with the natural rights. The Bill of Rights answered all questions related to the freedom of citizens and was a big challenge to the celebrated founding fathers who completely forgot to include the basic principles of human liberty in the constitution. The Bill of Rights is too important for American citizens, American law and the government. You can find a copy of the Bill of Rights available for public display in the National Archives in Washington, D.C.. There are fourteen original copies of the Bill of Rights. December 15 is considered as the ‘Bill of Rights Day’ as per the declaration of the Former President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The Bill of Rights ensures any abuse of power from the part of the government. Citizens enjoy various types of freedom through the Bill of Right