Use Psychological Theories to Explain Aggressive Behaviour

Use Psychological theories to explain aggressive behaviour. Describe three method’s a coach might use to eliminate aggressive tendencies of performers and to encourage an active and healthy lifestyle. (6 Marks) Aggression is the attempt to harm outside the rules of the game. There are many different theories of how aggression is formed. Instinct theory was proposed by Freud and is the trait view of behavior and shows the drawbacks of this perspective, that behaviour is at all time predictable.It proposes that aggression is genetically inherited and that a violent trait lies within everyone. Freud called this innate characteristic the ‘death instinct’, which purpose is to seek aggressive destruction. Lorenze put foreward the idea that aggressive energy is constantly building and needs to be released. Bandura presented the social learning theory, which has the view that all behaviour is learnt. Aggression is not a genetically based innate characteristic but it nurtu red by the external environmental factors.So aggression can therefore be learned by watching and copying from role models and becomes an acceptable way to behave if it is reinforced. Aggression is likely to occur if it is part of the social and cultural norm of a group. The Frustration aggression hypothesis was proposed by Dollard, he proposed that frustration develops when goal-directed behaviour or need to achieve is blocked. The tendency towards frustration is increased when the pursued goal reflects ego or outcome orientation. Frustration occurs from environmental situations such as defeat, good opposition and poor officiating.This is a integrationist theory because frustration generated by the environment triggers the aggressive gene. If the aggressive act is successful, frustration is released and the aggressor feels good. This is known as a cathartic release. But if the aggression fails and results in punishment, further frustration is generated. The aggression cue hypothesis theory presents a second integrationist perspective and builds upon Dollard’s work. Berkowitz believed that frustration lead to an increase in arousal.However, he disagrees that frustration alone will always trigger aggression. He proposed that frustration creates a readiness for aggression, which is triggered when a provocative environmental cue is present. Aggressive cues such as perceived unfairness for example; biased officiators will trigger aggression in sport if arousal among participants is high. However, better players have the capacity to control frustration and arousal. A coach could introduce some cognitive strategies to lower psychological arousal such as counting to ten to regain composure.They could introduce somatic methods to eliminate aggression such as relaxation techniques and breathing techniques to calm down. The aggressive person could also be given a role of responsibility or shown that dysfunctional behaviour will be punished, for example in a match aggressive behaviour will not be tolerated and the player will be substituted. But also non-aggressive behaviour should be positively reinforced. Emphasis on non-aggressive role models will help to eliminate aggressive behaviour. The control of aggression positively promoted an active and healthy lifestyle.

Family Systems and Healthy Development Essay

In today’s world, families are dynamic and interdependent systems. The developmental processes of the children in the family are deeply affected by how the family system operates. However, a family’s structure does not determine whether it is a healthy family system or not. Today, families consist of single parents, stepparents, divorced parents, remarried parents, grandparents, aunts and uncles. They are all able to contribute to a healthy functioning family system by meeting each family member’s needs and encouraging positive communication (Jamiolkowski, 2008). Unhealthy family systems have negative and possibly long-term effects on a child, both physically and emotionally. An unhealthy family system affects brain development and social development. Moreover, parents hold a particularly important part in their child’s spiritual development. When a family system lacks spiritual modeling, the children do not develop a spiritual relationship and lack religi ous meaning in their family life (Roehlkepartain, King, Wagener, Benson, 2006). Healthy Family Systems A healthy family system is a family unit in which each members has their needs met. These needs include safety, security, survival, love and belonging, as well as self-esteem and developmental skills. In a healthy family structure, the family members share a love for one another, respect each other and follow a set of rules that protect and maintain the welfare and development of each family member (Jamiolkowski, 2008). A happy and healthy family system has open communication between family members. Opinions and ideas are encouraged. Since children in a healthy family system are encouraged to communicate their wants and needs, they are confident enough to speak up in family matters. This helps develop a positive and confident self-identity. The children in the family are taught a core group of values to establish right from wrong, as well as personal boundaries. Rules, which must be applied, are enforced fairly and consistently, but are flexible. A healthy family system makes a child feel  cared for, validated and valued. Supportive parenting is a term used to describe parents whose authoritative parenting style is firm, with clear and consistent limits, but with warmth, proactive teaching, interest and involvement in their child’s peer activities, as well as calm discussions while disciplining. Authoritative parents tend to be firm and set clear and consistent limits. Although strict, they are loving and supportive, and communicate to the child the rationale for their punishment, along with an explanation for why they should behave a certain way. This encourages independence in the child (Feldman, 2014). Research has shown that healthy friendships in which close ties emerge are developed when parents provide a warm and supportive home environment (Feldman, 2014). Children emulate positive social interactions and roles, which they learn from the adults in their lives who they model after. Children living in healthy family systems develop a strong and positive relationship with their parents or caregiver and will encourage positive relationships with others. Unhealthy Family Systems The parenting style in the home will result in differences in the children’s behavior. For example, an authoritarian parent is controlling, punitive and strict. Their rules are not flexible and do not tolerate expressions of disagreement. These children tend to be withdrawn with little sociability. Girls are usually especially dependant on the parents, while boys tend to be unusually hostile. On the other hand, permissive parenting provides a relaxed and inconsistent method of discipline. They place little to no limits or control on how their children behave, and require little of their children. These children also tend to be dependent and moody, low in social skills and self-control (Feldman, 2014). It can sometimes be difficult to discern whether a family system is healthy or not. Even healthy family members can become understandably upset by circumstances and don’t always deal with stressful situations well. However, an unhealthy family system is usually created by one or more members. Parents who were raised in unhealthy family systems may carry over the same traits to their own families. Also, other factors that can cause an unhealthy family system is a parent or main caregiver with a serious problem such as mental illness, alcohol abuse or drug addiction. This causes communication in the family to  be strained and distorted. Opinions and ideas are discouraged and usually ignored. Usually children deal with mixed messages and conflicting ideas, making it harder for them to discern between appropriate and inappropriate behavior. They develop poor personal boundaries and have a hard time participating in loving relationships (Jamiolkowski, 2008). Effects of an Unhealthy System Children in unhealthy family systems usually suffer from one or more forms of abuse. This can range from physical abuse to psychological abuse or neglect. At least five children are killed each day by their parent or caregiver, and about 3 million children are abused or neglected each year in the United States (Feldman, 20124). Abuse, at any level causes long-term and permanent effects on the development of a child. Physically abused children are more likely to be resistant to control and do not adapt well to new situations. They suffer from more headaches and stomach aches than the average child. They also experience frequent bed-wetting, suffer from high anxiety and may show developmental delays. Psychological abuse is associated with low self-esteem, lying, underachievement in school, and misbehavior. They can easily become depressed and are at high risk for suicide. Victims of physical and psychological abuse suffer from so many consequences because their brain goes through permanent changes due to the abuse. Childhood abuse can lead to a reduction in the size of the amygdala and hippocampus. Antisocial behaviors are caused by the overstimulation of the limbic system through the feeling of stress, fear or terror (Feldman, 2014). It is likely that the child’s parents will influence their religious and spiritual development. This is done through verbal communication, induction and indoctrination of beliefs with the help of disciplinary tactics as well as rewards (Roehlkepartain, King, Wagener, Benson, 2006). Therefore, parents have the important task of guiding their children through their spiritual development. However, if the parent makes their child’s spiritual experience a negative one, it may make the child rebel. This can occur when the parents show fanaticism towards a certain belief or religion (Jamiolkowski, 2008). Parents should apply spiritual modeling, in which children model their parents’ spiritual behavior. This can include engaging in activities that promote religious and spiritual development and  performing religiously motivated charity for others. These kinds of family routines and traditions help form the religious meaning in family life (Roehlkepartain, King, Wagener, & Benson, 2006). Conclusion Maintaining a healthy family system is key for raising a confident, loving and emotionally balanced child. A healthy family system provides a positive and safe home environment which promotes communication and respect between parents and children. Supportive parents uphold rules in a consistent, yet flexible manner while explaining to the child the reasoning and lesson behind the consequence. In an unhealthy family system, children sometimes endure physical and psychological abuse, as well as neglect. This affects brain development, as well as emotional and social development. Children from unhealthy family systems are usually dependent on the parents, have withdrawn personalities or are aggressive. They are unable to create personal and lasting relationships outside of the home, including those at a spiritual level. If the parents do not show positive religious and spiritual role modeling at home, the child will likely not take an interest in it as well. References Feldman, R. S. (2014). Development across the life span (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson. Jamiolkowski, R.M. (2008). Coping in a Dysfunctional Family. New York: Rosen Pub. Group Roehlkepartain, King, Wagener, & Benson (2006). The handbook of spiritual development in childhood and adolescence. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publication.

Change of the lady. (Narrate the process

Change of the lady. (Narrate the process of transformation that the American wife experiences from the position of non-identity to the position of identity in the story ‘Cat in the Rain) By apurbadhlaiJesun Change of the lady. (Narrate the process of transformation that the American wife experiences from the position of non-identity to the position of identity in the story ‘Cat in the Rain) Answer: Hemingway's title to his story, â€Å"Cat in the Rain† carries more meaning than the literal cat in the rain. Indeed, the story talks about a cat stuck in the rain; however, this is not what Hemingway meant when he wrote the story.His character, the American Wife, alludes to the title of the story by presenting elements of confinement similar to that of the cat. In this story there is a process of transformation which is experienced by the American Wife. We notice that from various changes in her attitude. The story presents the American couple as emotionally barren, iso lated by their own self- absorption. The husband is unconcerned with his wife's malaise, never rising from his supine position on the bed, and even growing angry when she attempts to express her desires.The wife is nameless; shunned by her husband and lacking a ense of self-hood, she is like the â€Å"poor kitty out in the rain. Carelessness of the husband: We are first introduced to George and his wife, the latter is referred by as the â€Å"American Wife† in the first sentence of the story. This title lacks individuality and has no special meaning, signifying that she is Just a mere American Woman and nothing else. This already confines the character in a little cage, since it implies that she will never get herself out of the hole where society has placed her.George does not help much, rarely paying attention to her whenever she demands his care. This is evident when she sees â€Å"a cat†¦ crouched under one of the dripping green tables†, and points it out to her husband, who offers to help from his bed. The wife never speaks out about the restraint George puts on her, but rather feels it. The main reason behind this is her transformation from being the â€Å"American Wife† to the â€Å"American Girl†. To the general public, a girl seems to have less restraints due to her youth and innocence, while a wife has her (and her husband's) image to protect.Hemingway's choice of words implies that she feels the restraints being lifted once she left her otel room, leaving her husband behind. Hemingway provides other evidence for George's restraints by presenting the hotel keeper, whom the wife has a liking for. Described as an â€Å"old man and very tall†, the wife has a liking for him, especially his many qualities such as â€Å"the deadly serious way he received any complaints†¦ his dignity†¦ the way he wanted to serve her. † Hemingway never says anything about the wite loving or liking George, turtner supp orting the idea ot him putting some sort ot restraint on her.Lack of freedom: During the last part of the story, Hemingway presents the lack of freedom that the ife has. She asks George if â€Å"it would be a good idea if [she] lets [her] hair grow out? † George merely responds by saying â€Å"you look pretty darn nice. † She does not try to argue about it, further implying that she feels inferior, and George has control over her. While she does not explicitly state it, she feels that her lack of freedom is keeping her from being happy. She proceeds to go on a little rant about how she wants to have her own things, â€Å"l want to pull my hair back tight and smooth and make a big know at the back I can feel†¦I want to have a kitty†¦ I want to eat at a table ith my own silver and I want candles. † Perhaps George does not want to give her that freedom because he wants to exert his role as the head of the house. Keep in mind that this story was written in a time where women were considered nothing if they were not married. And even in their marriage, many women were not exactly considered part of society simply because they are women. This change is the only one reason behind his transformation from the position of non-identity to the position identity.Care of hotelkeeper: The wife ventures outside but is stopped by the rain. A maid, sent by the hotelkeeper, olds an umbrella for her. The cat is gone, and the wife exclaims that she wanted a cat so much, revealing that her concern is more for herself than the cat. She returns to their room and complains to George how much she wanted the cat, and says, â€Å"It isn't any fun to be a poor kitty out in the rain. † Her husband ignores her, and the woman, looking in the mirror, asks him if she should grow her hair out.He tells her he likes it as it is, short like a boy's, indicating the lack of passion in their union. The wife then begins to lament her many wants and needs, but her husband coldly tells her to â€Å"shut up. There is a knock on the door; it is the maid, again sent by the hotelkeeper. She has brought a big cat â€Å"for the Signora. â€Å". † It is significant that the hotelkeeper is more attuned to the American wife's desires and more willing to do what it takes to fulfill them than either the woman herself or her husband. Neither of them is willing†physically or symbolically†to go out into the rain.Similarities between George (the husband) and the rain: It seems that Hemingway's main contrast in explaining his point is by comparing the wife with the cat. Both are in similar situations where they are kept from being free. One is restrained by the rain while the other one is being restrained by her husband long to break out of those cages that keep them from enjoying life. Perhaps she saw herself in the cat who â€Å"was trying to keep dry under the table. † By going through such weather to rescue the kitty, she doesn t show determination, but rather a sense of hope that she herself may be rescued from her own cage.Unfortunately for her, the cat was gone. This turn of events shattered her hope, making her feel â€Å"very small and tight inside†. Indeed, she still feels confined to the cage George placed her in, and does not see a way out ot there. Hemingway presents us with more evidence that it is George that places such limits on her. When she walks by the pardoner, he made her feel â€Å"very small and at the same time really important. She had a momentary feeling of being of supreme importance. † It is crucial to take note of this, since it is the only time in the story where she has any feeling of superiority.She has a sense of confidence that is absent whenever George is present. Overview: We know, the story â€Å"Cat in the Rain† talks about a cat stuck outside in the rain, but I don't think that this is what Hemingway meant when he wrote this story. I like how Hemingw ay started the story off with describing the setting, where the two Americans were and how they were the only ones stopping in to this particular hotel. It gives the reader something to picture right off the bat. I think that Hemingway could have described the characters in more detail to get a better understanding of them.Also I think the in-depth description of the hotel wasn't necessary I would of liked to see the description put in to the characters more. I really liked the way Hemingway's character the American Woman acted because it felt very real to something in real ife. The way Hemingway portrayed the woman at first was more along the lines of a nagging wife, but when she goes to the window to see the cat her persona changes, I liked this because it made me get into her head and see how she was feeling Hemingway started in a unique way because I very rarely see a story start like this, and he pulled it off very well.The description of the location and setting pulled me righ t into the story; I liked this because it kept me interested and wanting to keep reading. I think the title that was given to the wife as the â€Å"American Wife† lacks ndividuality and has no special meaning, signifying that she is Just a mere American Woman and nothing else. I think that the title Hemingway chose was to portray that the wife felt that she was condoned to George her husband and that he never really paid much attention to her.This lack of attention makes her feel that she does not have much freedom to express herself and keeps much of her feelings inside. She definitely feels the restraint that George has put on her, and in order to please him, she attempts to make herself compact Just like the cat. I think this is why Hemingway akes it seem that she is so attached and drawn to helping the cat out of the rain. Reasons behind transformation: Two points can be inferred from this event: first, George discards all the trivial things the wife says and does not pro vide her with any attention, making her feel that she must demand it.This lack of attention makes her feel that she does not have much freedom to express herself and keeps much of her feelings inside. Second and most importantly, she seems to connect with the cat, â€Å"the cat was trying to make her so compact so that she would not be dripped on. † She definitely feels the restraint that George has put on her, and in order to please him, she attempts to make herself compact Just like the cat. â€Å"The Cat in the Rain† fits perfectly with the story.It symbolizes a cat that wants to be free, one that wants to go out and seek the world. The process of transformation is clear to us. Unfortunately, something is holding it back, something out of its control. Hemingway chose this title to retlect now the wite must teel about not being able to control her own life. She is Just like the cat in the rain, a radical and passionate being unable to take a chance because society ha s placed a restraint on her.

Types Of Organization Structures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Types Of Organization Structures - Essay Example The business owner is in direct control of all the elements and operations of the business, as well as bearing the accountability of all the finances of the firm, inclusive of business profits, business losses, business debts, business loans and business assets. During the beginning of the business, after getting the certificate of registration, family members can assist in running the business.Sole proprietorships are the common forms of business structures in existence in the market today, majorly because of the numerous advantages that accrue to a sole trader. For one, it is cheap, simple and quite easy to establish a sole proprietorship business very fast because it does not have numerous legal demands because they carry little or minimal ongoing legal formalities. In addition, a sole trader does not have to pay his or her unemployment taxes. However, the sole proprietorship has its own set of legal constraints making it not the preferred business form. One of the worst demerits of a sole proprietorship is the fact that owners are subject to unlimited personal liability for the debts, liabilities, and losses suffered by the business. As such, personal property can be attached to offset these liabilities. A sole trader cannot secure financing from banks on the formation of the business, or sell out some interest in the business in order to raise more capital, thereby limiting his or her capital threshold. Finally, a sole proprietorship lacks its own life, and in most cases, dies with the demise of its owner.

Attributes of a Student Teaching Experience Term Paper

Attributes of a Student Teaching Experience - Term Paper Example For students to learn they must have tutors or teachers to take then through class work and other activities. Student-teacher relationship should be tailored towards improving the current status of the student both intellectually and morally and in a positive way (Hargreaves & Goodson, 2006). Teachers are supposed to prepare their students for the interdependent world that nowadays is a global village. Teachers while preparing students should put in mind that the students they are preparing are to be incorporated in this developing world where development has taken center stage. The theoretical part of the study should be practically practiced. This opens up the mind of students making them able to be open minded in their profession and effectively teach others in any part of the world. Learning is a gradual process which needs time and patience. People are different in understanding and grasping things when being taught. This calls for patience from the teacher. The lessons should b e systematic to avoid forgetfulness and enhance grasping crucial information by students. The teacher should put up a methodology which is applicable to students. This helps the students to move together, if in a group and at almost similar pace. The method being used by the teacher should be aimed at improving the students understanding of the topic or subject being taught. The capability of the teacher is well seen by the way he/she teaches. The method used should be easy to understand by the students. Communication is vital in exchanging information. The way a teacher communicates with the students will eventually make then understand or fail. It’s important for the teacher to ensure that the students do not realize your weak points because that will affect their psychological perception about you and even take you for granted. The seriousness you accord to your work and towards the students will always make students build enough confidence in you. The language being used by the teacher should be understood by the students putting in mind that the teacher should try to elaborate further if a point is not yet home. Students largely depend on their teacher for reliable information since they trust in their teacher and believe that whatever they are taught is true. The learning materials used should also portray the truth and similar information since people today work in different countries and therefore it will be easier for them if the same information is taught all over the world. The relationship between the teacher and the student should be morally upright and essentially meant to improve the student capabilities both in class and extra curriculum activities. There is also evidence in the long run of students studying in other parts of the world having been taught similar things in their respective schools returning and being able to cope well with the of needs and wants of the society experienced in the current job market. Flexibility and opennes s (Eduventures, 2008) and ability to apply creative solutions to classroom conflicts while promoting intercultural interdependence in their classrooms. The teacher should instill self-confidence and honesty to his/her students. Students who wish to be teachers also gain a better understanding of the broader nature of teaching as a worldwide profession and begin to realize that the basic skills and qualities of an effective teacher are universal. Putting

Explain how human resource management techniques can be a major Essay

Explain how human resource management techniques can be a major resource in the management of organisational culture - Essay Example A culture of power and an aura of personal authority extend from the CEO of the company and as the CEO often behaves in a radical, unconventional and anti-organisational way, so does the company follow in his mighty footsteps. At the same time, the traditional levels of secrecy and company loyalty at Apple means that the company manages to hold back the negative implications of having an anti-organisational culture at bay while making the positive implications into an advantage for itself. This peculiar ability of Apple to gain the benefits out of a group of reckless employees while avoiding the disadvantages can be observed with detailed information from examples of various everyday incidents at the company which are provided by those who worked for the company. There is no lack of information about Apple or the one person on which Apple banks for leading the company forward, i.e. Steve Jobs. Perhaps the best resource for the management of the company as well as the personality of Steve Jobs is the website folklore.org that gives details of hundreds of incidents that show how applicable human resources policies are used to define the culture of the company and for the people working for Apple Computers. The subjective analysis given by the writers and analysts working with Apple comes as first hand accounts of the organisation’s behaviour. This objective analysis is also presented in terms of how successful Apple’s products have been in the past and present. However, there is a limitation of how much inside information about the inner workings of the organisation can be obtained while remaining outside the company. Apple Computers is generally taken to be an American company that prides itself on creating innovative products for the consumer electronics and technology sectors (PC Magazine, 2006). In 2005, it

Example of Advertisement Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Example of Advertisement - Assignment Example For instance, Nike Company has to advertise different football uniforms as well as well the soccer ball. In doing so, it will be intending to attract more clients to buy its products. First, the company starts by introducing itself to its clients (Burges, 2007). For instance, the Nike advert states that; Nike is a multinational company that specializes in the production of quality sports material at an affordable cost, meeting our customer demand is our primary responsibility. The sports products we offer include football uniforms, boots as well as socks among other things in the sports industry. The advert will be targeting various football clubs across the world. The company will have to use social media as a marketing strategy to reach many people in short time. In addition, it will be targeting fans of particular sport or sportsman or woman because many individuals like associating themselves with their respective heroes. The primary purpose of an advertisement is to attract customers into the company thus boosting company image before the public. In addition, the promotion is supposed to change the perception of individuals or consumers towards that particular product (Burges, 2007). Moreover, the development strategy is also meant to increase sales volume of the company thus increasing its profitability. The advert message will be to convince the client about the quality of the product. In addition, the letter will also affirm the client on the ability of the company to deliver timely products as per

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 11

Case study - Essay Example Additionally, these effects led to the eruption of series efforts channeled towards ensuring that there was no future attacks in both countries (International Cases of Terrorism, pg. 362). On the other hand, the impacts of terrorism on these two regions also exhibited a number of variations. To begin with, Fifty eight tourists (Australians) lost their lives in Egypt in 1997 while in Bali, a total of 200 persons comprising people from different religious backgrounds died after the terror attack. Consequently, the rate of tourism reduced in Egypt rapidly but later rose up to 20% due the measures taken by the government to eliminate the possibility of future attacks (International Cases of Terrorism, pg.362). In Bali, the tourism reduced rapidly and has not risen since these attacks occurred, however, efforts are undertaken to assure tourists and the populace of their safety International (Cases of Terrorism, pg.363). The major strategy is to create awareness among the public and the tourists of terror attacks and encourage the spirit of cautiousness and personal initiative in reduction of terrorism. There should also be improved and strict surveillance measures undertaken at public places through the use of scanners, bomb detectors as well as thorough frisking of visitors and the locals entering public places. It is also pertinent to involve the media and ensure that terror attacks are properly covered and people made aware of their existence in order to ensure that such places are avoided. Leaders can also implement initiatives where the public are assured of their safety and encouraged to co-exist harmoniously through peace campaigns. Implementation of strict terror surveillance measures for instance: Use of proper technologies such as scanners, metal detectors and cameras to control terrorism. There is also the use of

Steve Jobs and Mary Kay. The personal computer industry as a Case Study

Steve Jobs and Mary Kay. The personal computer industry as a competitive environment - Case Study Example On other hand, Mary Kay’s organisation is a network DSO where workers are legally independent thus they present a totally different context for the founder with regard to control and maintaining commitment (surname 135). Nevertheless, to enable us arrive at the decision that Steve Jobs and Mary Kay being different we use Weber’s definition of the elements that are requisite for charisma. Jobs was a visionary who sought to change the world through technology (Yoffie & Kwak 1) and most definitely manifested exceptional ability with regards to coming up with strategies that enabled Apple to make a turnaround from making losses of US$ 1.6 billion to making profits in five straight quarters. In addition to this Jobs, like Weber’s elements of charisma dictate, was able to demonstrate his ‘gift of grace’ through the continued success of his mission to turnaround Apple into a ‘happening’ brand. Mary Kay differs from Jobs in the sense that she was able to not only attract a following but also convert them into devotees of her way of working. Steve Jobs seems unable to transfer his ideals to his ‘charges’ in that he has to be present for his vision to be realized. Mary Kay on the other hand has been able to arguably transfer her vision to her followers to prepare them for succession. In a nutshell, we can argue that Steve Jobs is a strategy genius in so far as setting the direction for Apple to go while Mary Kay is more of an inspirational leader who attracts independent individuals and gives them the belief that they will succeed if they join her and follow her tenets. Historically, what were Apple’s major competitive advantages? Apple derived its competitive advantages from the following three unique attributes: technology leadership, proprietary technologies and its horizontal and vertical integration. Apple’s technological leadership is demonstrated several times through its early years. Good examples are: the Apple II that drove the PC industry to US$ 1 billion in annual sales in less than three years, and the Lisa – the first PC to use a graphical user interface and a point-and-click mouse in addition to having a windowing system that allowed multiple applications to run at the same time (Yoffie & Kwak 2). Apple consistently launched revolutionary products that set the bar for com puting. For Apple to retain its technological leadership it relied mainly on its proprietary technologies such as its superior capabilities in graphics, design and sound. Unlike its main rivals, Apple had its own proprietary operating system (OS) thus it could easily integrate it with its other software applications to enhance its users’ experience. In the case we are informed that Apple machines were simple machines that ordinary people could use straight from the box (Yoffie & Kwak 1) a competitive advantage that we can attribute to the seamless integration of all Apple software and hardware. The fact that Apple had its own proprietary technologies meant that the organization could increase its customer value proposition through bundling for example the Mac was sold bundled with an OS, Mac application software and other peripherals (Yoffie & Kwak 3). These made its products to be more versatile. Finally, we can argue that it would have been difficult for Apple to retain its technology leadership and proprietary technologies without its extensive horizontal and ve

Social Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social Contracts - Essay Example As the discussion outlines Curwin and Mendler include six specific elements namely flag rules, negotiable rules, consequences, rules for the teacher, student-developed rules for students and a vote to determine which rules to enforce. Flag rules are minimum behavior requirements for efficient classroom management which are developed by the teacher and unquestioningly accepted by students even without their input. Examples of such logical rules are â€Å"No fighting and hurting anyone†. Negotiable rules are decided upon together by both teacher and students whether or not to adopt such rules. Democratic teachers allow some limits to be stretched without compromising order in the classroom. Consequences are teacher-determined without student input. Teachers need to be fair in setting down consequences for each rule depending on the severity of behavior. Positive consequences should also be included to reward students of good behavior. Consequences need to be instructional instea d of punitive and students regard them as natural and logical extensions of the rules. Rules for the teacher are determined by the students to give them the opportunity to set standards for the teacher. This is a way for them to feel a sense of commitment to all rules and consequences, thus make them more inclined to follow them. Examples are â€Å"the teacher will not yell at students in front of their classmates†.  

CEO compensation Essay Example for Free

CEO compensation Essay Recently CEO compensation packages have high rocketed making many people question the validity of their compensation. Many questions have been risen to find out if CEO compensation if excessive. Through this paper we will discuss why we feel CEOs in America are grossly overpaid. We will start off by talking about the ethics on the matter and then the pay-performance connection within organizations. We will also touch on the real wages of employees and how America compares to international companies. We will finish our argument with some recommendations that we feel will help make organizations as a whole better. High Pay, Low Performance Financial Crisis It is shown in several studies that high CEO pay is linked to low company performance. In the article, â€Å"Chief Executive Compensation: An Empirical Study of Fat Cat CEOs,† by Kuo and Wang they describe the connection between CEO compensation and the financial crisis in 2008. As stated in the article, â€Å"the incentives built into the compensation plans of many financial firms are one of the fundamental causes of the financial crisis and surprisingly receives little public attention†. They go on to say, â€Å"Top executives of large banks or investment banks have encouraged the excessive risk-taking by top managers, leading to the financial crisis. † Kuo and Wang also explain how the incentives of executives are link to the short-term performance of securities that are traded. This sort of behavior is not in the stakeholders’ best interest. The CEOs in this case are clearly not interested in what is best for the company, but merely looking out for themselves. Instead of focusing on long-term competitive advantages and achievements, the CEOs are looking to make a quick buck for themselves. Another resource we used was that of Lucian Bebchuk and Jesse Fried. They have a very similar take on the topic, by also stating that trading securities was the beginning to the financial breakdown in American in the late 2000s. â€Å"During the extended bull market of the 1990s, executives’ compensation at public companiescompanies whose shares are traded on stock exchangesoared to unexpected levels† (Bebchuk and Fried, 2004, pg. 1). As you can see there is a strong connection between firms that trade securities and the breakdown of the market. Growing Trends The overcompensation of CEOs in America is nothing new, according to our research this trend dates back to the 1970s. â€Å"The review on CEO compensation by Frydman and Jenter (2010) shows that there was a dramatic increase in the compensation levels from the mid-1970s to the early 2000s in the U. S. Especially in the 1990s, the annual growth rates were more than 10% by the end of the decade† After researching the topic, we were surprised to find out just how much CEO pay has increased in a very little time-span, â€Å"Between 1992 and 2000, the average real pay of chief executive officers of SP 500 firms more than quadrupled, climbing from $3. million to $14. 7 million† (Bebchuk and Fried, 2004, pg. 1).   Star Athletes It has been said that CEOs are comparable to star athletes; therefore, they deserve the substantial increase in their pay. However, the majority of the CEOs that are contributing to this big picture problem are not working for their â€Å"team†. If CEOs were taking these risky investments to better the company, that is one thing, however, the link directly pointing to incentives tells a different story. Defenders of CEO compensation are also forgetting that along with the large compensation packages there is a great deal of retirement funds, 401ks, and stock retained within the company. The large payment of athletes could be contributed to the fact that they are not getting post-retirement benefits, like those of large corporation CEOs (Bebchuk, Fried, 2004 pg. 20-21). Employee’s Living Wages One of the biggest concerns with the increase of CEO compensation is the steadily decreasing real wages of employees. Compensation of CEOs far outweighs that of employee pay. In 1991, the average large-company CEO received approximately 140 times the pay of an average worker; in 2003, the ration was about 500:1† (Bebchuk and Fried, 2004, pg. 1). CEO Compensation and Virtue Ethics Another way to look at CEO compensation is to see if it agrees with virtue ethics. There is Aristotelian virtue oriented approach to ethics and was applied to business by Robert Solomon. In this, Solomon a rgues that business is primarily a practice, in which a community of individuals engages in a cooperative endeavor to deliver goods and services for the good of society. In this practice certain virtues such as integrity, moral courage, and justice are essential to the practice of business. Also, in virtue ethics justice implies that executive pay should be more modest across the board, regardless of company profitability. (Kolb, 2006, pg. 101-115) CEO compensation is not â€Å"fair† top 25 CEOs had an average annual pay of $32. 7 million, which is more than 900 times the annual salary of the typical US worker. In an era which many companies are cutting costs by laying off employees, such compensation seems to be unjust. Solomon argues that workers may not be loyal to someone they perceive as being unfair. At some level, trust and loyalty are needed for a company to prosper. Without these, this company will be left with a group of resentful, unhappy employees. Even if the CEO’s employees are â€Å"satisfied† with their minimum wage salary this satisfaction does not make the CEO’s actions any less just since he or she could afford to pay their employees more. At this point the CEO is taking advantage of his or her workers and being selfish. Companies give bonuses to CEOs even as employees and managers are being laid off. An example is one CEO and chairman of the board made $8. 9 million in 2003, which was the same year his company lost $463 million and he slashed the workforce by 20 percent, or 6,000 workers. Doing things like this can poison a corporation and completely divide a company. Instead of CEO’s comparing compensation packages to to other employees of their companies, CEO’s are comparing their compensation packages to the other CEO’s, which is not a standard for just compensation, since the issue of inequality often arises within a particular corporation. The success of a company is a team effort and not just all done by the CEO. Without the lower level employees a company will not be able to be successful. CEOs do have greater responsibility, but corporations are too large and unwieldy to be governed by just one individual. By spreading the CEO’s compensation package it could allow for employee raises and benefits which could help motivate employees and make them happier. Executives can be paid well without being paid excessively. A CEO is not some isolated individual seeking his or her own ends independently of other members of the corporate community; he or she is part of a whole. Therefore CEOs should not be paid like they are an individual who does everything on their own. A CEO’s role is defined by the corporation and the corporation has an overall purpose to benefit society. CEOs taking less in their compensation packages and spreading them throughout employees can actually help society. Our economy is down and needs to be improved. In order to improve it we need people to start spending money. However, in order to spend more money people need to make more money. If CEOs distributed some of their compensation packages to their fellow employees they could have more money to spend and help increase the level of our economy. International Compensation When comparing CEO compensation in the United States to other major countries the statistics are quite glaring. A study done by consulting firm Towers Perrin estimated pay as of April 1, 1999, in industrial companies with approximately $500 million in sales. CEOs in the United States earn over $1,350,000 compared to Japanese, $485,000, German $530,000, French, $570,000, and UK, $665,000 (Balsam, 2002, pg 277). Rules for governing executive compensation vary from across the globe. In companies such as Germany and Finland it is illegal to to use stock option to compensate executives until 1998, unlike the United States, which stock options are a major part of their compensation package (Balsam, 2002, pg 277). It was noted that in 1997, Disney’s Michael Eisner single handedly out earned the aggregate paychecks of the top 500 CEO’s in the UK. CEOs in the United States earn 45 percent higher cash compensation and 190 percent higher total compensation. Also median base salary is 30 percent higher in the United States while United States median bonuses are more than triple of that in the UK as well (Balsam, 2002, pg. 288). When comparing corporations in Canada with the United States there is a marked difference between the two countries in both the level and structure of CEO compensation. During the 1993-1995 period Canadian CEOs earn lower pay, with the median CEO earning $560,000 in US dollars compared to $2. 5 million for corporations in the SP 500. Salary made up a higher proportion and bonuses and options a lower proportion of the compensation package for Canadian corporations. Overall, the relationship of pay to performance is weaker in Canada than in the United States. Despite the drastic differences in CEO compensation between the United States and other countries there are several reasons for these differences which stem from being cultural, some regulatory, and others due to taxation. In many countries it is taboo to earn the amount of money that American executives make. Some countries have their own laws and regulations that make stock options less valuable and limit the overall compensation of CEOs. Lastly, restraints and taxes can affect compensation. An example is that few Japanese and German corporations were able to issue stock options. Japan is limited to owning only 10 percent of their stock, which is a large amount but much less than companies in the United States (Balsam, 2002, pg 280). Overall, the United States drastically pays CEOs higher compensation than the rest of the world, on average. It is easy to see how wide the gap actually is when seeing the statistics. Several reasons contribute to the difference in CEO compensation. However, with the success of international companies and paying CEOs less compensation, we in the United States can infer that CEO compensation in the United States is too high. Recommendations After taking a closer look into the argument and debate of CEO compensation we believe there are several ways to lessen the gap between CEOs and employees. One idea we had was to link bonuses to the company stock prices. This way, CEO pay will be more based on yearly performance of their company. Another suggestion we had was to offer more modest compensation packages, and to spread the wealth CEOs no longer make throughout employees to add to their salaries, benefits, and improving employee working conditions. Out last recommendation was for board of directors to make more restrictions on CEO pay, such as limiting stock options. Conclusion After all of our research we strongly believe that salaries of CEOs are incredibly excessive. CEOs whose performance did not match up, to the steadily decreasing real wages of employees

Engage in personal development in health Essay Example for Free

Engage in personal development in health Essay These are a description of my duties and responsibilities within my work role as expressed in the national occupational standards. *Provide Support for Learning Activities Speaking to the teacher before the start of the lesson to find out what I need to do and which group I will be working with. At the end of the lesson I give feedback to the teacher on how the group managed the task and identify any child who may need a little extra help. *Help to Keep Children Safe I have to help keep children safe during work, activities, play. I have to respond to accidents and report to the appointed first aider. I also encourage positive behaviour. *Contribute to Positive Relationships I need to praise and encourage the children, make sure they know the school and classroom rules and deal with any bad behaviour fairly. I must make sure my behaviour is appropriate and respectful at all times. *Provide Effective Support for your Colleagues I need to provide consistent and effective support at all times with my colleagues .I must continually develop my own skills and knowledge with ongoing training and feedback to be able to benefit myself and colleagues. *Support Literacy and Numeracy Activities I speak with the teacher before the start of the lesson to find out what support I will be required to give and to which children/group. What the activities will be and what resources are required. To make sure I have the correct workbooks with me. At the end of the lesson I will give feedback to the teacher on how the children found the task and to identify any problems such as a child needing extra help to complete the work. *Support the Use of Information and Communication Technology for Teaching and Learning I make sure the I-pads are in the classroom for the activity, I help them to use the resources safely and effectively.  When the I-pads are finished with I return them to the charging unit put them on charge so they are ready to be used for the next lesson. *Observe and Report on Pupil Performance I listen to readers on a one to one basis and if I feel a pupil is struggling I report this to the teacher we discuss what level the reading book is and possibly changing the level to a more manageable one for the pupil. *Provide Displays The pupils drew, coloured and cut out pictures of roman soldiers, I and a colleague stuck the individual soldiers on to a roll of coloured paper and then stuck them to on to the bottom of the wall in the corridor outside the classroom so it looks like soldiers marching into the classroom. This is a very good learning resource as it reinforces’ what the pupils have already learnt in topic. If any of the displays have been damaged I would remove and replace these as to keep the display boards tidy and up to date. *Invigilate Test and Examination I was asked to sit with a pupil who was required to take a maths test on their own. I made sure I was very clear on what was required of me as the test had very strict instructions on what I could say when I was reading the questions and I clarified with a colleague on what help I was allowed to give. I also made sure I had all the resources required before I began the test. *Support Pupils Learning Activities For Read Write and Inc I speak with my colleague about the group I’m working with as to which book we are on, how much support each pupil needs and if I can extend the work if this is needed. At the end of each lesson I give feedback to the teacher of any problems I or a pupil had and how I felt I dealt with the lesson, I would ask if there was anything I could improve on or do differently for the next lesson. *Promote Positive Behaviour Make sure the pupils and I follow the school and class rules. *Develop and  Promote Positive Relationships Making sure I am always polite to the pupils and colleagues. Follow the schools code of conduct, encourage positive behaviour and speak fairly to any pupil who is not following the rules. *Support the Development and Effectiveness of Work Teams I always ask colleagues if there any jobs they would like me to do once I have completed my own and I am always on time and support the whole team. *Support Literacy Development I speak with my colleague before the beginning of Read Write Inc so I can make sure I fully understand which group I will be working with, what activities I will be doing and the level of support required. At the end of the lesson I will give feedback to the teacher as to the progress of the groups so the pupil’s individual levels can be monitored as to their stages need altering or additional help required. *Support Numeracy Development I speak with my colleague before the lesson is due to start and go through my planning sheet to check all the resources are available, I would also ask which group I have and what level of support to give. At the end of the lesson I will give feedback on how the group/pupil worked so the teacher can make sure the individuals are working at their correct levels. *Prepare and Maintain the Learning Environment As soon as I arrive at school I ask the colleagues what jobs need to be done i.e., photo copying work sheets, work books out, if it’s art I would get the paint pots, brushes, paint shirts, paints and paper out ready to use. *Promote the Transfer of Learning from Outdoor Experience On a recent school trip we went to a museum where we were able to do activities about the Romans, this supports the topic which the pupils have been doing in the class room. From this trip the pupils were able to write accounts of what it would have been like to dress and march like Roman soldiers as they had experienced this on the school trip. The pupils are able to reflect on what was seen on the trip and write very detailed accounts. In my job as a support assistant I am expected to abide by the school code of practice. It is extremely important that I adhere to these rules as staff must recognise the importance of their role in creating a positive atmosphere of care and respect for others. http://www.st-helenascofe.lincs.sch.uk/info/policies/Anti%20Bullying.pdf . If a pupil reports an incident of bullying to me I would report the incident to the pupil’s class teacher as in accordance with the schools anti bullying policy. By abiding by the Health and Safety policy I am ensuring that I keep colleagues and pupils safe and not putting anyone in a situation where an accident could happen. I must make sure I am always aware of any updates to the schools policy so I am able to be effective within my role. I need to get regular feedback from my colleagues as to my own performance, by doing this I can see where improvement is needed and if a different approach would have been more effective. This ensures the pupi ls are continually getting the best support available. Bibliography www.gov.uk (accessed 12/10/2014) www.st-helenascofe.lincs.sch.uk (accessed 14/10/2014)

Division of Powers between Shareholders and Directors

Division of Powers between Shareholders and Directors QUESTION The orthodox view in Corporate Law is that the ownership of the company is vested in the shareholders, whereas the management of the company is the exclusive preserve of the directors. But this sharp distinction does not always apply in every instance. Discuss in relation to the division of powers between shareholders and directors. INTRODUCTON The principle of division of powers aims at separating the ownership and control between the shareholders and directors in a company. Historically, the directors have been viewed merely as agents of the shareholders of the company with whose actions they were to comply with. Later, the law moved towards the decline of the powers of the shareholder thereby making both the shareholders and directors an integral part of the company and they both having substantial roles in handling the companys affairs. This principle has been settled by Lord Clauson in the 1943 case of Scott v Scott, where it provided the constitutional provision regarding the companys management. This case established that the power of management was given to the directors and held that shareholders should not intervene in the powers of the directors.[1] This was also affirmed by the statement of Buckley LJ in case Gramophone and Typewriter Ltd v Stanley, saying that directors do not act as the agent of the shareholde r when carrying out his director duties of the company and under company law he does not owe a duty to the shareholder.[2] One of the main issues of company law systems is how power is allocated between the board of directors and shareholders in handling companies affairs. On several occasions, there is a need for an interference or there are situations where there will be an overlap of powers between the members and directors. These overlaps usually come up because of a disagreement between the shareholders and the directors as to what is best for the company. The power of the directors to manage the affairs of the company has been established by the principles in the decisions of the court and entrenched the shareholders with the power to vote, appoint directors and vote on matters that does not involve the management of the company.[3] This paper examines the situations in which the principle of division powers is not strictly adhered to, also looking at the law in this area and the possible troubles they can run into. It moves further to discuss the situations in which shareholders can intervene in the duties of the directors, looking at the issues of who can use the corporate name in litigation, considering the rule in Foss and Harbottle and its exceptions. It also examines the situation where the directors do not exist or in deadlock and cannot act, and finally looks at the reserve powers of the shareholders mainly considering their power to give directors instructions. SHAREHOLDERS INTERVENING WITH THE DUTIES OF DIRECTORS The legal powers to act on behalf of the company is available to the board of directors and these powers are fused with that of the company and are not allowed to exercise any activity the company cannot perform.[4] They are subject to the restrictions that the companys constitution places on the company. A common situation where there might be an intervention of powers of the director by shareholders is in a case involving the use of the company name in litigation. This can be found article 3 of the model articles for both private and public companies.[5] The decision to start or end a legal proceeding falls under the general powers of management of the companys business and these powers are reserved for the directors. Although it has been expressed in the model articles, this area of law has been somewhat controversial. One of the leading cases here is John Shaw Sons Ltd v Shaw[6], where Greer L. J stated that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦If powers of management are vested in the directors, the y and they alone can exercise power. Hes decision here means that the directors exercised their powers properly and that the general meeting could not usurp this power. Critics of the rule of division of powers have considered the view of Judges in older cases such as Marshalls Valve Gear Co Ltd v Manning Wardle and Co Ltd[7] where the members of the company made a claim in the companys name and the directors disagreed with their resolution and tried to strike out their claims but were not allowed. Based on the Companies Clause Consolidation Act 1845 governing statutory companies, Neville J concluded that the members had the power to make a claim in the companys name, with the aim of preventing directors from acting in a conflicting manner to the members ordinary resolution.[8] Breckland Group Holdings Ltd v London and Suffolk properties Ltd, which was of similar facts to the Marshalls case drew the curtains to the issue[9] and took the view that directors only should exercise such powers. Despite this law the shareholders are not completely without influence, they still have what we might call their most important power which is the fundamental right of the shareholders to dismiss the directors by an ordinary resolution. This provision was introduced in the Companies Act 1948 and currently available by the Companies Act 2006, s168. The purposes of these actions are to provide a guarantee that the shareholders can dismiss directors by an ordinary resolution and for the purpose of providing justice to the directors. The view that the shareholders can dismiss the director was supported in John Shaw case in the words of Greer LJ saying, the only way in which the general body of shareholders can control the exercise of the powers vested by the articles in the directors is by altering the articles, or if opportunity arises under the articles, by refusing to re-elect the directors whose actions they disapprove.[10] This process requires a special notice given to the directors as an opportunity for them to defend their case to the general meeting. These powers are very important to the shareholders as this means they have an effective method of handling the companies polices and activities of companys directors.[11] This is necessary as it provides the directors with a good reason to serve the best interest of the company after they have been appointed.[12] The other situations in which the shareholders can exercise managerial functions of litigation include a situation where the board is in deadlock and the exception to rule in Foss v Harbottle. BOARD IN DEADLOCK Under certain circumstances the members can carry out the duties of the directors. A situation where the board of directors are in deadlock and unable to act, or when their meetings are inquorate. In the case of Alexander Ward and Co. Ltd v Samyang Navigation Co. Ltd, this case established the principle of residual authorities in the absence of an effective board [13]. In this case the company articles stated that the companys business shall be managed by the directors whoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦may exercise all such powers of the company as are not by the Ordinance or by these articles required to be exercised by the company in general meeting.[14] They argued that in the absence of directors, the company was incapable of taking legal action and this was rejected by the House of Lords. The principle of residual authority is important because it empowers the shareholders to make their own decision in place of the directors decision.[15] A similar decision to this was seen in the case of Foste r v Foster and it was established there that for the reason of transacting business the members can act as agents of the company in the absence of directors.[16] In the nineteenth century, there were the assumptions that the principle of residual authority in this area of law will be hard to defend but the more recent case of Barron v Potter has removed all doubts.[17] In Baron, the companys business was at a standstill as a result of the failure of one of the directors to show up at work. The decision of Warrington J stated that in the absence of the ability of the directors to appoint a new director in the present case, the companys general meeting has the power to do so.[18] RULE IN FOSS AND HARBOTTLE When there is an issue to be brought before the court, can the shareholders make a suit? The answer to this question was settled by the Rule in Foss v Harbottle and this leaves a negative answer subject to certain exceptions. The rule states that the court does not have the jurisdiction to interfere with the internal affairs of the company and in order to redress a wrong done to the company it should be brought by the company itself.[19] The rule makes provision for the directors or the majority shareholders at the expense of the interest of the minority shareholders. When the minority shareholder tries to bring a case to the court concerning wrongs done to the company, he is met with the defence that the company is the proper plaintiff or that it is a matter of internal management.[20] There are exceptions to the Rule in Foss and these rules were made to give the minority shareholders can have a chance to institute legal proceedings. The first exception to the rule is that of Ultra Vires and Illegality, where the act complained of is wholly ultra vires the company or association.[21] In this situation, a shareholder can bring action to the court when an illegal or some ultra vires act occurs. The shareholder can take an action for a declaration or injunction to retrain the act in question, for himself or he could represent the other shareholders on his side of the argument.[22] The second exception is that on Special Majorities, Where the issue is such that it could not validly be done or sanctioned by a simple majority of the membersbut only by some special majority.[23] In the case of Edwards v Halliwell, the trade unions rule required a two-thirds of majority of the members to increase subscription but the purported to do it by ordinary resolution. Jenkins L.J considered that a company in which its directors had broken the companys regulations by performing an act that requires validation by a special resolution without one. In such a scenario, the rule wil l not apply.[24] In the decision in Quin and Axtens, Ltd. V. Salmon, the rule in Foss was set aside, in this case the Article 80 provided that any resolution concerning the acquisition and letting of premises, should not be valid unless a notice has been given to each managing director. Salomon dissented from the decision of the directors but a simple majority of the shareholders passed a resolution confirming the decision.[25] It was held that Salomon had the right to an injunction to restrain the directors and the company from acting in a contrary manner to the provisions of the article, on behalf of himself and other shareholders on his side.[26] The third exception to the rule is that of Personal rights, where the personal and individual rights of membership of the plaintiff have been invaded, the Rule has no application at all.[27] The shareholders have right which are pulled out from the article of association and some of these rights are statutory which arise from the act.[28] In the case of Edwards v Halliwell, the court established that every shareholder of the company had personal right to prevent adjustments in rates of contribution to the trade union and in the case of Pender v Lushington, the articles enforced the right of shareholders to vote on company affairs, whether he votes in favour of the majority or minority, and an individual can sue in respect to this right.[29] The last exception to the rule will be considering here is Fraud by those in control.[30] This involves actions carried out that amount to fraud which is usually done on the minority shareholders, which is caused usually by an abuse of power by the directors.[31] The exception here has been made to protect the minority shareholders in which they can bring a minority shareholder action to the court on their behalf and on the behalf of other shareholders. Fraud can also constitute to what the general meeting cannot ratify. When a breach in fiduciary duties occurs, and cannot be ratified by the by the director it means that the director has acted in bad faith.[32] If a negligent act by the wrongdoers is benefited from, the authorities have suggested that it can be viewed as fraud on the minority.[33] THE SHAREHOLDERS RESERVE POWEERS The Companies (Modern Articles) Regulation 2008 applies to the new companies registered under the Companies Act 2006. It states out the division of powers between the members and the directors of the company. The Article 4 contains the reserve powers of the shareholders, stating that: (1) The shareholders may, by special resolution, direct the directors to take, or refrain from taking, specified action. (2) No such special resolution invalidates anything which the directors have done before the passing of the resolution.[34] There are certain obstacles that the shareholder may face in this approach. A possible setback could include the general meetings power to give directions to the board has been interpreted as subordinate to the powers of directors[35] as seen in the case of Scott v Scott where the constitution of the company gave powers to the general meeting to give directions to the board by ordinary resolution and it was held that the powers of the general meetings power doesn t qualify to the powers of the director.[36] It was also established that shareholders could give directions to the board but it does not have a binding effect. Gower suggests that the Article 70 of Table A recognises the general meeting may influence the future powers of the directors by passing a special resolution.[37] Does this means that by a special resolution the shareholders in the General meeting can restrict the future powers of the directors? Can the special resolution restrict or give a go ahead from entering a transaction? This has left many questions unanswered. Some have taken the view that the resolution of the directors does not change and remains valid as the directors resolution; the special resolution would only prevent the directors from acting upon it.[38] So, if the directors have come to a resolution of not entering a certain transaction, the shareholders under article 70 Table A could pass a certain resolution compelling them to enter the transaction.[39] The law in this area has often been criticized as being illogical because the law requires that when a director acts in an ultra vires manner these acts can be ratified by the shareholders but in a case where the shareholders need the directors to act in advance they must alter the articles of the company.[40] There have been some suggestions to this are of law, that shareholders may give directions to the directors to act beyond their powers, but within the powers of the company either before or after an ordinary resolution has been passed.[41] It could be argued that this will give way for an alteration to the articles by a majority vote. An example of a circumstance in which the directors act on the permission of the shareholders includes the allotment of shares. The section 551 of the Companies Act 2006 provides that by an ordinary resolution the members can grant this resolution even if the companys articles have to be altered in order for this to take effect.[42] CONCLUSION The lines between the division of the powers of the directors and the shareholders in UK law has been blurred and lacks a very sharp distinction. The law has experienced a decline in the shareholders power, though not making them powerless but compare to the directors their powers have been restricted. The area of cooperate litigation which has been settled as a management power of the director has made room for the shareholders in the exception to the rule of Foss and Harbottle, allowing the minority shareholders to bring legal action to the court on his own behalf and the behalf of those in favour of his decision. The removal of directors has also been one of their vital powers, when the directors have acted in a manner not at the companys best interest. In the absence of the directors or when the board is in deadlock the shareholders have the powers reverted to them and they can make company management decisions. The reserve powers of the shareholders have been argued to have substantial impact on the of the decision of the board where acting as a direct instruction from the shareholders or acting as a general supervisory set of rules. The themes discussed have demonstrated the approach of the court and law in this area of law, and show that the sharp distinctions between the powers directors does not apply in every instance. BIBLIOGRAPHY D. D. Prentice, Jurisdiction of Shareholders Meetings, The Modern Law Review, Vol. 40, No. 5 (Sep., 1977), pp. 587-590 Elizabeth Boros, How Does the Division of Power Between the Board and the General Meeting Operate? Adelaide Law Review 31 (2010) p.169-185 Elizabeth Boros, How Does the Division of Power Between the Board and the General Meeting Operate? Adelaide Law Review 31 (2010) Griggs, Lynden (1993) The relationship of the rule in Foss v. Harbottle to the statutory remedies for minority shareholders. Research Master thesis, University of Tasmania. John Davies, A guide to directors responsibilities under the Companies Act 2006, Certified Accountants Educational Trust, July 2007 L. S. Sealy, Company Law. Power of the General Meeting to Intervene, The Cambridge Law Journal, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Mar., 1989), Saleem Sheikh, William Rees, and Sheikh Saleem, Corporate governance corporate control (Cavendish Publishing 1995) Wedderburn, K.W., 1957. Shareholders rights and the rule in Foss v. Harbottle. The Cambridge Law Review, 15(1), 194-215. CASES Barron v Potter [1914] 1 Ch 895 Foster v Foster [1916] 1 Ch 532 Gramaphone Typewriter Ltd v Stanley [1908] 2 KB 89. Howard Smith Ltd v Ampol Petroleum Ltd [1974] AC 821 p837 John Shaw Sons (Salford) Ltd v Shaw [1935] 2 KB 113 Marshalls Valve Gear Co Ltd v Manning. Wardle CoLtd [1909] 1 Ch 267 [1] Elizabeth Boros, How Does the Division of Power Between the Board and the General Meeting Operate? Adelaide Law Review 31 (2010) p.169 [2] Gramaphone Typewriter Ltd v Stanley [1908] 2 KB 89. [3] Howard Smith Ltd v Ampol Petroleum Ltd [1974] AC 821 p837 [4] John Davies, A guide to directors responsibilities under the Companies Act 2006, Certified Accountants Educational Trust, July 2007 [5] SI 2008 No. 2860 (C. 126) [6] John Shaw and Sons (Salford) Ltd v Shaw [1935] 2 KB 113 [7] Marshalls Valve Gear Co Ltd v Manning. Wardle CoLtd [1909] 1 Ch 267 [8] ibid [9] L. S. Sealy, Company Law. Power of the General Meeting to Intervene, The Cambridge Law Journal, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Mar., 1989), pp. 27 [10] John Shaw Sons (Salford) Ltd v Shaw [1935] 2 KB 113 [11] Farouk HI Cassim, The Division and Balance of Power between the Board of Directors and the Shareholders: The removal of Directors, Banking Finance Law Review 29 B.F.L.R. p. 154 [12] Ibid. [13] D. D. Prentice, Jurisdiction of Shareholders Meetings, The Modern Law Review, Vol. 40, No. 5 (Sep., 1977), pp. 587 [14] Alexander Ward and Co. Ltd v Samyang Navigation Co. Ltd [1975] 1 WLR 673 [15] D. D. Prentice ibid [16] Foster v Foster [1916] 1 Ch 532 [17] L. S. Sealy, Company Law. Power of the General Meeting to Intervene, pp. 28 [18] Barron v Potter [1914] 1 Ch 895 [19] Wedderburn, K.W., 1957. Shareholders rights and the rule in Foss v. Harbottle. The Cambridge Law Review, 15(1), 195 [20] Griggs, Lynden (1993) The relationship of the rule in Foss v. Harbottle to the statutory remedies for minority shareholders. Research Master thesis, University of Tasmania. pp. 22 [21] Wedderburn, K.W, p.203 [22] Ibid. [23] Griggs, Lynden (1993) pp. 23 [24] Wedderburn, K.W, p.207 [25] Ibid. [26] ibid. [27] Ibid. pp 203 [28] Ibid. pp 209 [29] Ibid. [30] Griggs, Lynden (1993) pp. 24 [31] Ibid. [32] Ibid. pp 27 [33] Ibid. pp 26 [34] The Companies (Modern Articles) Regulation 2008, Article 4 [35] Elizabeth Boros, How Does the Division of Power Between the Board and the General Meeting Operate? Adelaide Law Review 31 (2010) p.171 [36] Ibid. [37] Saleem Sheikh, William Rees, and Sheikh Saleem, Corporate governance corporate control (Cavendish Publishing 1995) p. 22 [38] Ibid. [39] Ibid. [40] D. D. Prentice, p.588 [41] ibid [42] Ibid pp. 589

The Troubled Life of Ernest Hemingway Reflected in His Writing Essay

The Troubled Life of Ernest Hemingway Reflected in His Writing The period between World War I and World War II was a very turbulent time in America. Ernest Hemingway most represented this period with his unrestrained lifestyle. This lifestyle brought him many successes, but it eventually destroyed him in the end. His stories are read in classrooms across America, but his semi-autobiographical writings are horrible role models for the students who read them. Hemingway’s lifestyle greatly influenced his writings in many ways. Ernest Hemingway was born on July 21st 1899. His place of birth was Oak Park, Chicago. There are many places in Oak Park commemorating his life. Ernest was the second of six kids. He was born at 8:00 at 439 Oak Park Avenue in his grandpa’s house. He weighed nine and half pounds and he was twenty-three inches tall. When Ernest was seven weeks old, his family moved to Bear Lake where his dad had bought the house the summer before. Many of the short stories that he wrote later in life were set here (Life and Works 2). Ernest enjoyed a semi-normal childhood. His dad, Clarence Edmunds was a physician and his mom, Grace Hall, was a music teacher. His dad was also an excellent outdoorsman. His mom was very talented in the field of music, but gave it up to raise a family (DISCovering). His mom was not a normal mom though. She constantly humiliated his dad. Ernest believed she drove her dad to kill himself. This had an impact on him later in his life (McDowell 13). As Ernest started high school, he was very insecure about his size. He was only five feet four inches tall. This contributed to his need to always be masculine. This problem did not last long though, as he quickly hit a growth spurt. While in h... ...neis Sons, 1969 "Ernest Hemingway" DISCovering Authors [CD-ROM]. Detroit, MI. Gale Research, 1996 Ernest Hemingway His Life and Works. URL: http://www.ernest.hemingway.com. Gurko, Leo. Ernest Hemingway and The Pursuit of Heroism. Toronto: Fitzhenry and Whiteside Limited, 1968. Hart, James D. ed. "Hemingway" The Oxford Companion to American Literature, 364-395. New York: Oxford University Press, 1965. McDowell, Nicholas. Hemingway. Florida: Rourke Enterprises, 1989. O’Connor, Richard. Ernest Hemingway. New York: McGraw – Hill Book Company, 1971. Parry, Melanie. "Hemingway, Ernest Miller". Chambers Biographical Dictionary, 865. New York: Chambers Harrap Publishers, 1997. Perkins, Georgie, Barbara Perkins, Phillip Leininger. Hemingway, Ernest [Miller] Readers Encyclopedia of America Literature, 438-442. New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1991.

Dale Earnhardt and Stock Car Racing Essay -- Stock Car Racing Dale Ear

Dale Earnhardt and Stock Car Racing Over 50 years ago a new sport was introduced. This sport was stock car racing. The organization that sponsors stock car racing is known as National Association of Stock Car Racing, NASCAR. The driver that is identifiable with NASCAR is definitely Dale Earnhardt. Over the years there have been many great stock car racers from Cale Yarborough to Richard Petty and Davy Allison, but no other name was better known than Dale Earnhardt. Whether on the track or in the crowds, there is no possible way a person can look without seeing a black number three or some other Earnhardt insignia. In first or last place, victory circle or behind the wall, the black GM Goodwrench Chevrolet could not be deprived of its respect. Who would have ever guessed that the legendary Dale Earnhardt’s life would be taken from him on the last lap of the biggest race of 2001? Dale Earnhardt was born on April 29, 1952. He was raised in Kannapolis North Carolina. Dale started racing at age twelve and won his first race at age fifteen. After winning his first race Dale decided that this was what he wanted to do as a career. Dale dropped out of high school in the ninth grade. Dale’s parents did everything they could to try to keep him in school but they were unable to. Earnhardt would soon find out just how hard it would be on him and his future career though. Dale Earnhardt came from a family of stock car racers. Dale’s father being a racer himself knew how hard it was to start racing. That is the main reason he tried to keep Dale from dropping out of high school to race. â€Å" They even offered Dale a new car to keep him in high school.† (1:72) Dale Earnhardt’s grandfather was also a racer. Dale was not very close to him though. â€Å"In an interview Earnhardt said that he regretted not knowing his grandfather very well. Earnhardt also mentioned the fact that his actions as a kid were embarrassing to him now.†(1:73) Being one of the most dominant drivers on the track, Dale quickly earned the nickname the Intimidator. Dale won his first Winston Cup championship in 1980. After his first Winston Cup championship Dale went on to earn 6 more championships to tie Richard Petty with 7 victories. The nickname Intimidator fit Dale very well. â€Å"He was known for causing wrecks to move himself up in the race.† (1:73) After several complaints from other drivers... ....†(6:1). Nobody can truly say what exactly happened that day and who knows if NASCAR will tell the truth in August but at least we will be closer to an answer than we are now. Earnhardt is the driver, the reason, and the person that made NASCAR is what it is today. Darrel Waltrip said it best when he said, â€Å"We have lost the best thing that ever happened to NASCAR†(6:1). As a renegade teenager or even a little fearsome racer, Earnhardt was the man who always came through. The legacy will be passed on through Dale Jr. and the Earnhardt name will be respected for the years to come. Sure NASCAR will get over this tragedy in time, but there will always be some trace of Intimidator, Dale Earnhardt. Works Cited 1. Pare, Michael A. Sports Stars, Detroit/ Michigan: U-X-O Publishing Co. 1998. 2. Bondi, Victor. American Decades 1980-1989, Detroit/Michigan: Gale Research Inc. 1996 3. Dodge, Herb. â€Å" We’ve Lost Dale Earnhardt,† Speedway Illustrated, (April 21, 2001) pgs. 72-85. 4. Bartlett, Jeff. â€Å"Circuit Breaker,† The End of an Era, (April 16, 2001) pgs. 2-5. 5. â€Å"Dale Earnhardt† www.daleearnhardt.com, online February 21, 2001. 6. â€Å"Dale† www.NASCAR.com, online February 21, 2001.

Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning Essays -- Technology Science Gene

Reproductive and Therapeutic Cloning New areas of science often raise questions about safety. Reflecting back on the past medical technologies invented, people have always opposed it but often benefit from it later on in life. The use of in-vitro fertilization, for instance, was once a controversial issue. Some people worried that society could discriminate against humans produced as a result of IVF and humans could spread diseases. Furthermore, its usefulness cannot be predicted because it is just a research tool, and so on. Today, those worries and concerns have not manifested, but instead have brought joy and happiness to families. The people born through IVF process are as happy and equal as any other average child. It is the same with cloning technology. Upon all that we have gained from past medical technology, a majority of people have failed to see that new medical breakthrough will become as beneficial as the past ones if it is allowed to be researched. Cloning is a controversial issue because it is a new area of science and people are once again worried that, this technology will become a dangerous weapon to the society. Cloning is the creating of a genetically identical copy of an original plant or animal by using biological materials such as DNA segment (e.g. a gene or other region). According to Wilmut, The copies produced through cloning have identical genetic makeup and are known as clones. Many organisms in nature reproduce by cloning (asexually). Scientists use cloning techniques in the laboratory to create copies of cells or organisms with value traits. Their work aims to find practical applications for cloning that will produce advances in medicine, biological research, and industry.... ...ld pass a similar law and allow at least research, if not experimentation. Anxieties people have about cloning are similar to concerns about past medical technologies. This is also true about technologies in general, for instance people questioned the importance and abilities of computers, etc. Some new areas of science in the past brought up apprehensions, these technologies turned out to be beneficial to mankind. Cloning technology is now a new area of science and people are concerned about the safety and morals behind it. This system could become as stable as past medical technologies only if research is allowed. If laws are pass (with some restrictions) it could ensure that research is carried out without interfering with the principles of nature, ensures that everyone has equal access to the technology, and also used in serious cases not for pleasure.

Apk entreprneurship

Executive Summary Creative Maker Sad Bad established described in this business plan Is to start-up a charity business by determined and dedicated Individuals who are experience In this field. Through the Basic Entrepreneurship Culture course (EXEGESES) we are exposed to the basic entrepreneur knowledge for the purpose to implement the entrepreneur satellites and managing basic entrepreneur risks In order to carry out this business. Without doubt this idea came out as a dream now beginning to shape Into reality.In supervising us throughout this project. In general, this business Is focusing on the field of manufacturing and by focusing on high quality customer service, diverse offerings, creative promotion strategy and continuous development of employees, our company Is projected to reach 850 customer In a month while maintaining a high gross margin on sales while strengthening cash management and working capital.A comprehensive analysis of the market indicates that souvenir industry is strong and robust generating a fair amount of annual revenues. The location of our business will include various places inside University Malay and it is highly desirable as it is based at a busy part of the university. Our chosen target markets which include the students, lecturer and staffs of University Malay and will account for a total of 850 potential customers in the first month.The promotion will A review of our competitors shows that we will be competing against Creative Center Sad Bad established near our location. This business focus on different pricing structure and marketing approaches. With our consistent, high quality services and moderate pricing, we have the edge in attracting customers by delivering a full range of beauty and pampering treatments in several convenient location. Our concrete marketing plan will distinguish us as souvenirs of choice for customers. PC entrepreneurship By mimicked Creative Maker Sad Bad established described in this business plan is to start-up a hearty business by determined and dedicated individuals who are experience in this activities and managing basic entrepreneur risks in order to carry out this business. Without doubt this idea came out as a dream now beginning to shape into reality. We would like to thank Dry. Norwich bin Mood Musical as our lecturer who had been so committed in supervising us throughout this project. In general, this business is employees, our company is projected to reach 850 customer in a month while

Underwear as Outerwear

According to Vivienne Westwood,a Queen of Punk, â€Å"Fashion is about eventually becoming naked†. She is a designer of punk rock and new wave, and the most influential British fashion designer of the late 20th century. To be specific, Vivienne Westwood reinvention’s collections, Madonna has influenced by her underwear as outerwear’s idea, she is the first singer who began to wear a corset-style top for her world tour concert. As a result, it has influenced many famous singers, such as Rihanna, Lady Gaga and Britney Spears.This trend became the today’s mainstream fashion. Thus, underwear as outerwear has changed an aspect of the women’s dressing in these day. Before the underwear as outerwear trend, Westwood shocked people by bringing punk culture to the British fashion’s mainstream. She made the most of British teenagers dressing in punk style. It was a phenomenon of punk on the streets of London. In 1980, the punk movement faded, Westwood s tarted searching the history information for her new collection herself.She introduced the Buffalo Girls collection, this collection was inspired by Peruvian women which was her research. She combined traditional tailoring with her brilliant idea to create petticoats, bowler hats worn with head scarves, featuring layered skirts and adapting bras worn over blouses. It was a beginning of underwear as outerwear’s style. The corset was transformed to one of power and sexual freedom for women. Many well-known celebrities, film-stars and signers have worn the corset-style which has been influenced by Vivienne Westwood’s design.Also, a lot of famous designers have been inspired by this idea for their collections to show on the runway. If Westwood had not invented underwear as outerwear’s idea, it would never existed in fashion world. For this reason, it makes women feel more positive and confident to wear. Moreover, underwear as outerwear became Westwood’s signa ture over her all design. Vivienne Westwood is irony fashion designer, and she does not only sell the clothing style but what she offers is the attitude on her design.Particularly, corset is the Victorian upper class women’s underwear that holds the waist and the chest. It was cancelled because it was seen as a symbol of sexual oppression. Westwood solved it by modern sewing with stretch fabric for comfort and converted to wear on both sides. Therefore, her underwear as outerwear style is a variant that conveys to confidence of women who wear, it makes women look both sophisticated and sexy at the same time. Westwood had changed the image of corset coupled with the way women dress forever.

Observational Essay Essay

Its Monday a rainy evening, I am sitting in the library waiting for my friend to come, so we could study for our sociology test. The library is humongous; it reminds me of my high school library. This place is silent. In the kids section I hear a little boy crying for a book he wants to read but his mom will not let him read, a baby babbling, and the mother trying to make him quiet. There are two dark skinned boys playing marble drop with their mom’s. There are two cute little girls coloring. There is tall teen looking girl reading stories to kids. There does not seem to be many kids in this section. Therefore, I go back to the main room. I see a girl, who looks like a high school freshman doing her homework quietly. A couple of blocks from her, there are group of blonde girls texting and talking in low voices and teenage girls checking their facebook and chatting about guys. In the main desk, area toward the right of the girls there is a frustrated woman who is trying to swipe the library card but perhaps her card is not working and is asking for help to a librarian. In the non-fiction book, area there is a short woman with brown hair, stacking up the books. Towards her left, there is a tall thin college looking girl arranging the books working a part time job to her college expenses. In the front of the library there are middle school kids waiting for their parents to pick them up. There is staircase next to the main door that leads to the computer room. I take glance over the computer room and it is packed with teens and adults. Some are doing homework while some are chatting in myspace and facebook. It seems like this library is always filled with people. From my observation, I see that some people come to library to study quietly and while others come to check facebook and myspace and it seems like library is a great hangout place for some kids.

How to Read Like a Professor by: Thomas C. Foster

How to Read Like a Professor by: Thomas C. Foster 1)Introduction: How’d He Do That? Mostly in memory it affects the reading literature in way that the reader, recognizes similarities in another work of literature, like in romantic novels elude towards Shakes Spears’ play Romeo and Juliet. Also, recognizing the pattern makes it easier on the reader because with that understanding the complex undertone of the book; like when I was reading The Scarlett Letter, I saw the allusions and symbolism in other stories, and books. )Chapter 1: Every Trip Is a Quest (Except When It’s Not) The five expects of a quest are: 1) a questor; 2) a place to go; 3) a stated a reason to go there; 4) challenges and trails getting throw the route and lastly; 5) a real reason to go there. Little Red Riding Hood Tale 1) Little Red Riding Hood; 2) To Grandmothers House; 3) To bring grandma cookies and company; 4) the wolf tries to eat her and Grandma; 5) Little Red Riding Hood learns to trust her instincts and to never talk to strangers. )Chapter 2: Nice to Eat with You; Act of Communion In Charles Dickson’s novel, The Christmas Carol, when the Scrooge wake –up from his â€Å"dream† he went out and bought a swan for his poor assistants’ family for Christmas. By doing this it was kind of a peace offering, it showed that Scrooge turns a new leaf, and by doing so he was now accepted back into the community. 4)Chapter 4: If It’s a Square, It’s a SonnetPetrarchan sonnet: â€Å"Missing the Metros† by Charles Terryson-Tunner This sonnet shows this form of reading by demonstrating a sequence like: abba cdcd efefe; and towards the end like the traditional Petrarch Sonnet, the main point of the sonnet which is called the volta, towards the end of the sonnet. Shakespearian sonnet: â€Å"Sonnet LXXIII† With this Shakespearian Sonnet, this had 14 lines and was divided into three parts, with rhyme scheme like this: abab cdcd efe f gg. The volta is usually at the end of the sonnet; like in this one, where in the end it makes impact because it makes reader think about how the death can be very near.Indefinable Sonnets: â€Å"Ozymandias† In this sonnet it does not fit the standard Shakespearian sonnet or Pertarchan sonnet, though it has the same characteristic of a Shakespearian sonnet and volta similar to the Pertarchan sonnet. 5)Chapter 6: When In Doubt , It’s from Shakespeare†¦ In the theme of the story Fugard reflects Shakespeare’s Henery V, in this story Harold the main character has to become Master Harold set aside his childhood friendship and to become to into his family â€Å"business†, like Prince Hal had set aside his childhood friend and ways to become a King Henry, capable leading a army. )Chapter 7: Or the Bible â€Å"I imagined I bore my chalice safely throw the throng of foes† (Line 31Joyce). The chalice symbolized him protecting his morals under the infl uence of the â€Å"heathens† surrounding him, even though in the next sentence he reminisce about his feelings towards the girl, Megan’s sister. 7)Chapter 8: Hanseldee and Gerteldum I book I once read was like modern version of â€Å"Beauty and the Beast† but it focused on the Beast point of view, and how he became the way he was. The author did create a parallel of the story but twist in to make her own, to appeal to her teenager readers.It appeal to their child like fairy tale story and mind it deepen appreciation of a this particle fairy tale, since it appeal to young teenage girls. 8)Chapter 9: It’s Greek to Me â€Å"Only For a Season† Mother never could have known Of my past intentions of being free, The time is near for me to go How could stay with her alone? Easy to say goodbye for season be, Rarely can confide to my husband needs. Naturally I was born in summer bloom; As the fates have it, I learn to love winter’s cold. To turn again st my mother’s will Under estimating my husband’s needs,Rethinking my own wants†¦ Easy it is not to love winter’s chill. 9)Chapter 10: It’s More Than Just Rain and Snow In novel I read named â€Å"Life as We Knew It†. In the novel there was a part where the families oldest Mirinda, had to go out in a blizzard to find food for her family. The description of the blizzard and how she felt in the storm was very vivid, it made me understand the struggle that the character in the novel had go throw. 10) Chapter 11:†¦More Than It’s Gonna Hurt You: Concerning Violence The first type is specific injury characters inflict upon themselves or others.The second type of violence is where the author causes harm to characters to progress the plot. In â€Å"The Outsiders† there are two gangs, the socs and the greasers; they commit the first type of violence. They punch, stab and kill each other out of revenge and anger. It takes a few deaths of dear friends for the characters realize the insanity of fighting. The end result is that they grow to be better people. In â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† the old lady neighbor Ms. Dubose dies from old age. This is an example of the second type of violence.The author has her die to develop Jem is a character and to move the plot along, in this the example second act of violence has more meaning and depth to it. 11) Chapter 12: Is That A Symbol? In the short story the â€Å"Araby† by James Joyce, Joyce uses the fence as symbolic reference of a barrier between Mangan’s sister and the protagonist. A fence main purpose is to keep things out, separated, apart; to make known that another party is not allowed in. I belive the fence symbolizes the age difference between Magan’s sister and the protagonist, how that will be barrier in protagonist mind of his relationship with her.Or perhaps, it’s a culture/religious meaning separating boys and girls so they won’t go forth with their deeper desirers. 12)Chapter 13: It’s All Political In play I read in 10th grade called the â€Å"Raisin in the Sun† the writer Lorrain Hansberry put some of political views in the play. The play was about a black family wanting to move into a white neighbor in the 1950’s, of course it same time it’s written, it was avoids to me that it was written about civil rights in that time, and how the struggle for many African Americans to have those rights at that time. 3)Chapter 14: Yes, She’s a Christ Figure, Too Many works of liture there are stories that have Christ figures, especially in stories that have good versus evil. Usually the good side has Christ characteristics, like Holes by Louis Sachar, Stanley Christ figure, surprisingly he carries many of Christ characteristics. 1. He had wounds on his hands from shovel cutting him when was digging. 2. He is in agony when he walked through the hot dessert to find Zero 3. He sis el sacrificing whe he runs away from the camp to save Zero, knowing he could die himself. 4. Although he is kid himself; he good with kids.He got along with everybody in the camp and also taught Zero to read. 5. Even though he doesn’t create water or food, he does found water and onons for Zero to drink and eat in the mountains. 6. He uses a humble needs of transportation because his family was poor he had to walk to school and other places. 7. He spent time in the dessert which is like the wilderness , even though he wasn’t alone, and everyone thought he was died because he was gone so long. 8. He had conformation with the devil/ Warden, when he went to the warden’s house. 9. He was last seen with thieves;the Warden, Mr.Sir, and Dr. Pandenski; those who wanted part of the loot. 10. Stanely finally comes back to reddem the unworthy world. In this story the â€Å"unworthy world â€Å" is the camp of delinquent juveniles. When came back he freed the kids from the camp. Stanley wasn’t exactly Jesus but he was good guy and he potryaed Christ like characteristics. 14) If She Comes Up, It’s Baptism The importance of â€Å"baptism† scenes is very clear in a lot of literature. It symbolizes a washing away of the old, a new start. Sometimes this doesn’t result in a good way, or in favor of the character at the time.A good example of this is in the movie Pearl Harbor. The story is of two best friends, Rafe and Danny, who are pilots of fighter planes. Rafe has a girlfriend, Evelyn, who is a nurse. Unfortunately, Rafe’s plane is shot down and lands in water, where he is submerged to what appears to be his death. When Rafe is submerged in the water, he doesn’t realize his life is changing around him. When his best friend and girlfriend hear of his death they become close, and end up forming a relationship themselves. Danny and Evelyn don’t realize until later that Rafe didn’t die in the plane crash.The crash was, in a sense, Rafe’s baptism, as a new life has been laid out before him (though he doesn’t know it yet). Rafe, upon his return, is expecting his life to continue as normal, with his best friend and girlfriend. Little does he know that Danny and Evelyn have formed a relationship, and when he finds out, he feels he’s lost both of them. 15)Chapter 19: Geography Matters Foster defines geography as any setting in a story that can define or be developed by characters in the story. In To Kill a Mocking Bird, Harper Lee sets up the book to describe the area, and the people who lived there.Like when she describes Alabama, which is a confederate state and is known to very traditional and close minded. And also town itself is small and rural town where everyone knows everybody else’s business. When Lee’s describes Boo’s house it top to bottom; making it seem creepy and mysteries. Then she describes the other neighbor’s houses like Maddie. Her beautiful garden and how much she cared for it. Lee was making an introduction with the characters in the story before the character was even introduced. In the To Kill Mocking Bird, Lee used the geography setting around to describe who and what her characters where. 6) Chapter 20: †¦So Does the Season Robert Forest uses the poem October, to translate to the reader the in meaning full way, describing the passing of life, and how quickly it passes by. In the poem he describes how he wishes his young years slowed down, and old age, the frost of winter, will not settle in so quickly. It’s very good seasonal poem about ageing and the hope of â€Å"less brief† days. 17) Interlude: One Story An archetype is an idea, person, or situation which is repeated in literature. An example of an archetype would be the mad scientist type of character which appears in many stories.A mad scientist doesn't have to be evil or crazy; he just has to be so dedicat ed to his work that nothing else seems to matter. One example of this would be Dexter from the show Dexter's Laboratory. He is constantly building crazy inventions which seem to always be destroyed by his sister. He has virtually no friends because he spends all of his time in his lab. Doc from Back to the Future would be another example of a mad scientist. He designs a time machine and uses wild and impractical methods to acquire materials and build the machine. When the device works it sends his friend Marty to the past and causes a whole mess. 8)Chapter 21: Marked of Greatness Harry Potter is left with only a mere scar of a lightning bolt, from his first encounter with Lord Voldemort. Voldemort had succeeded in killing many of the people living in the magical world, including Harry’s parents, but simply cannot defeat Harry even when he is only a baby. Anyone who is familiar with the Harry Potter series knows that the reason Harry was able to survive and defeat Lord Voldemo rt was because of the ‘power of love’ his mother displayed towards Harry. So from this scar we understand that Harry has what Lord Voldemort will never be able to defeat, which is simply the act of being loved.As the series continues and we learn that Lord Voldemort is slowly coming back into power, we already know the one person who has the power to defeat the dark lord. The only person who can bring Lord Voldemort back down from his power is the one who stripped away his strength and power in the first place, the boy who lived: Harry Potter. 19) Chapter 25: Don’t Read With Your Eyes In the â€Å"Scarlett Letter† Pearl, Hester’s daughter, was born out of wed-lock; so the towns people and, even her own mother, believed that she is evil and a â€Å"demon offspring†.As a twenty-first century reader that belief is ridicules because it happens in most cautions by choice or with â€Å"accidental† action. As for the reader of the time; in th e late 1600 it was a strong colonial belief that the action, in this case the sin, of the parents will reflect of the child, and therefore the child is evil too. The author makes the assumption that the readers have a religious mindset and have same believe system. In this day in age, we do not have the same mentality. In some cases it could be bearer like Forster said, for the reader might shut out everything the book author had. 20) Chapter 26: Is He Serious?And Other Ironies In 1984 by George Orwell, this book is filled with irony from start to finish. Throughout the whole book every Party character is governed by the rule of double think. As Orwell writes â€Å"doublethink is basically the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one's mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them†. This is a good example of irony because it is humanly impossible to grasp the meaning of this. Winston is surrounded by many ironic things such as when he goes to rent an apartment with Julia he believes that he is safe from harm’s way because he is in Prole territory.However he later finds out that the man renting them the room was a member of the thought police and the monitor was located behind the picture. When Winston was captured and thrown in jail he was physically torn apart by little food and hazardous condition this was used to help kill the rebellion inside him. However, the real test comes when he meets his fate in room 101. Here he is faced with his biggest fear: rats. They set up a face mask as to where the rats can attack his face, but before they release them Winston begins to speak of Big Brother and he once again becomes a loyal member of the party.The irony here is so strong due to the fact that he wanted to over throw the party just a few weeks before hand. Winston was worn down and broken. He become like every other member of the party, the very party he had hoped to destroy forever. 21) Chapter 27: A Test Cast Answering the Prompt: 1. In the short story â€Å"The Garden Party†, Mansfield is signifies to the reader how far the rich is to the poor. The rich class is so high and busy with their things, they don’t pay attention to the lower class. They are so detach with lower class, that they have no real sympathy, just pity. 2.She signifies this in her story by describing where both distinct families lived. The Sheridan’s lived higher up and their poorer neighbors live down below. The Sheridan’s didn’t even allowed their children to play with â€Å"the revolting children and their infected diseased. † So when Mrs. Sheridan send Laura, the youngest daughter, to give poor family left-over from the party, she went down to darken cottages, and saw the misery and heartbreak. It opens her up to question what life really is. â€Å"Isn’t life†¦? † She asked her dear brother, but even he couldn’t really answer the question. Though my erspective was complete ly different from the other examples, like Foster’s example of Persephone; it surprised me how much Greek mythology is in so many literature works, and how much I recognized and understood where he cited all is information. Though, Diane’s prespective blew me away. I honestly think I would never see that much detail in the story as she did. To be honest I had some prejudice feelings toward this story after finding out the Sheridan’s where rich, so it did limit my true understanding of the story. Now I see it was more of Laura’s story then a political story between the rich and the poor.