Yanomamo Tribe Essays - Yanomami, Hei T Bebi, Hedu K Misi, War

Yanomamo Tribe Essays - Yanomami, Hei T Bebi, Hedu K Misi, War Yanomamo Tribe The Yanomamo My name is Eric Dunning and this is my proposal to go and study the Yanomamo tribe in the rain forests of Brazil. I have compiled a historical outline of the Yanomamo tribe and some of their religion and culture, ranging from marital status to the type of food they eat. I have chosen this tribe because according to many anthropologists the Yanomamo are perhaps the last culture to have come in contact with the modern world. The Yanomamo people of Central Brazil are one of the oldest examples of the classic pre-Columbian forest footmen. The Yanomamo live in almost complete seclusion in the Amazon rain forests of South America. The Yanomamo live in small bands or tribes and live in round communal huts called shabonos, which are actually made up of individual living quarters. The Yanomamo language consists of a variety of dialect, but no real written language. Clothes are minimal, and much of their daily life revolves around gardening, hunting, gathering, making crafts and visiting with one another. These small tribes hold their men in high ranks. Chiefs are always men who are held responsible for the general knowledge and safety of the group's women. The men are able to beat their wives if they feel the need to and are able to marry more than one woman at a time. This loose form of polygamy is a way of increasing the population of the tribe. Yanomamo people rely heavily on a system of political alliances based upon relationship. As part of that system, they have incorporated a complex feasting and trading system into their culture. One of these methods of forming political alliances is feasting. Feasting is when one village invites another village for a feast or dinner. During the feast there is a lot of social activity. The Yanomamo dance and mingle with each other along with eating a different variety of foods. The only catch is the other village must reciprocate a feast by one village. This feast is more like an American dinner party in which members of family or social group invite others to attend. A feast however can be dangerous and or fatal for those who attend. The Yanomamo can be very conniving and deceiving. They pretend to be loyal friends and invite the other village for a feast. The other very village very trustfully attends the feast not knowing that this might be their last meal. After the feast when the guests are helplessly resting in their hammocks they are attack ed and brutally beaten to death. The Yanomamo live in a constant state of warfare with other tribes and even within their own groups. Marriages are often arranged according to performances of one's relatives in battles. Ideal marriages are thought to consist of cross cousin marriages and the males of the family and the religious leaders of the tribe perform all marriages. In addition to their strong kinship ties, political alliances and thirst for revenge, the Yanomamo have a detailed religion, based on the use of hallucinogenic drugs and the telling of mythical tales. The religious beliefs of the Yanomamo are quite complex. According to Yanomamo wise men, there are four levels of reality. Through them, the Yanomamo believe that things tend to fall or descend downward to a lower layer is demonstrated. The uppermost layer of the four is thought to be pristine and tender. It is called duku ka misi and the Yanomamo believe that many things originated in this area. This layer does not play much of a role in the everyday life of the Yanomamo. It is considered to be just there, once having some vague function. The next layer down is called hedu ka misi and is known as the sky layer. The top surface is supposedly invisible, but is believed to be similar to earth. It has trees, gardens, villages, animals, plants and most importantly, the souls of the deceased. These souls are said to be similar to mortals because they garden, eat and sleep. Everything that exists on earth is said to have a counterpart on this level. The bottom surface of the layer is said to be what the Yanomamo on earth actually see:

ENGLISH ESSAY WRITING for Students

ENGLISH ESSAY WRITING for Students Students often receive assignments to do creative writing. Majority of our clients feel insecure about their creative writing skills. It is easy to get off track and jump from one topic to another. For that matter a strong English essay writing structure must be applied. All creative writings start with an idea. If you don’t know what to write about, do a list of ideas and see which one you feel most passionate about. Do a thorough research on a topic. Do you best to find all most interesting topic details to make your writing more exciting and bright for reader. Other way to go is to trust your writing to the hands of the professional writer. Find an online writing service you can trust and then place an order. If you have questions, talk to the Customer Support representative who work around the clock and she will address your issue. After the order placement, you can always message the writer directly to monitor the writing process. Also, you can request a draft to be written within 48 hours. Put your draft request directly into the order instructions.

Public health and road saftey Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Public health and road saftey - Essay Example This report will discuss the roles of public health in road safety with other sectors to achieve better solutions. The main purposes of public health are to protect, to prevent illness and injuries and to promote healthy lifestyle for the public sector (NPHP, 1997). It has sought to decrease the number of deaths and injuries of communicable and non-communicable diseases among the population, through not merely treating but also reducing the risk factor, education, screening, and other intervention (Wilson A., 2000). Therefore, public health has an essential function to play in road traffic to reduce these risks (WHO, 2004). These functions include: collecting data and evidence, analysing the causes, prevention, protection and promotion. Collecting data and evidence: The hospitals collect specific data in a systematic way as much as possible, on the road crashes injuries, and the methods to conduct the injuries observations and surveys. They have also focused on amount, range, charact eristics and consequences of the road traffic injuries (WHO, 2004). Obviously, it should be mentioned in this point that each sector, such as the police department, has different data needs and the collaboration between these data is important to cover all aspects of this issue to find better results (Binder. S., Runge J., 2004). Analysing the data The reason of studying the data of road traffic trauma in public health is to define the cause of mortality, morbidity and the effect of road traffic injuries on their family and the economy (WHO, 2004, Sleet D., Dinh-Zarr, T., Dellinger A., 2007). This can help the other sectors to determine where the real causes of accidents are. For example, road design, drivers’ behavior, etc., and thus obtains a comprehensive perception of this issue. Prevention and protection: Prevent and protect injuries in road traffic are the central aims of public health which can be achieved through enforcement of the decision-makers to consider the inju ries as an important issue and seek improved safety approaches for road traffic (Boss, A., Pikora, T., Daube, M.,2010). Experimental new methods that prevent and reduce the severity of injuries on road crashes are evaluated by the influences of these actions in them (World Report, WHO, 2004). In an example of this action, by using a speed camera, the use of seatbelts and motorcycle helmets increased. Moreover, participation in disseminating effective interventions (Binder. S, Runge J., 2004) establishes an awareness programs in human behavior, such as short broad cast about the impact of wrong behavioral action on roads. (EMSRRS1 report, 2009). Promotion: In this stage, public health allows all people to achieve healthy lifestyles and decrease the road risk to human health which occurs from environmental, economic, social and behavioral causes (Ottawa Charter, 1986). Conclusion Overall, public health should be in alliance with other sectors for share goal. Works cited Binder S., Run ge J., Road Safety and Public Health: A U. S. Perspective and the Global Challenge. Vol. 10, p 68-69. National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States Department of Health and Human Services, USA, 2004. Print. Boss, A., Pikora, T., Daube, M. Road Safety and Public Health Advocacy: The Way Forward. Public Health Adv

Diabetic Retinopathy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Diabetic Retinopathy - Essay Example Results from numerous clinical trials of laser photocoagulation and various other treatments and a good understanding of the pathogenesis would have a huge impact on blindness in the diabetic population. [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] The prevalence of retinopathy is strongly linked to the duration of diabetes. A stringent control of blood sugar levels delays the onset of diabetes. Vision loss with diabetic retinopathy may occur from several different mechanisms such as Macular oedema or ischemia which may impair central vision. Extensive studies have reported the cost effectiveness of screening for diabetic retinopathy as it saves vision at reduced costs. The cost of screening modalities depends largely on various factors such as trained professionals and accessibility of screening equipment. Current management of diabetic retinopathy includes systematic control of blood pressure and glucose levels, surgery including laser photocoagulation or pars plana vitrectomy; and currently developed pharmacologic interventions. Vitrectomy is capable of restoring useful vision to patients suffering from severe diabetic retinopathy and vitreous hemorrhage either with or without an accompanying traction retinal detachment. [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Systemic Control: Development and progression of diabetic retinopathyis delayed by glycemic control. Laser photocoagulation, which represents the only treatment modality in large, controlled, prospective randomized, clinical trials, shows limited efficacy. Currently, new pharmacologic modalities now being evaluated show promise, but should undergo rigorous prospective randomized clinical trial in order to gain widespread acceptance. Intensive therapy brought down the risk of developing diabetic retinopathy by 76% and reduced the risk of progression of already existing retinopathy by 54%. Maintaining a strict and systematic control of blood pressure and glucose has proven to be difficult for many patients with diabetes. A good number of them will still develop progressive retinopathy and would require either vitrectomy or laser photocoagulation [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE] Surgery: The latest in surgical techniques is the use of the "Pulse Electron Avalanche Knife" (PEAK-fc, Carl Zeiss Meditec, Jena, Germany) (British Journal of Ophthalmology 2007;91:949-954) which is a new pulsed electrosurgical device that helps in the precise "cold" traction- free tissue dissection. It is very useful in all complicated eye surgeries. For late stages of retinopathy, current laser or surgical treatments are applicable. It also includes proliferative diabetic retinopathy or sight-threatening ME. The study that was conducted proved that photocoagulation can reduce the risk of severe visual loss by about 50%. [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]In this process, laser photocoagulation leads to decreased oxygen levels by the retina due to the destruction of the photoreceptor. Anakinra, which is a drug used in arthritis has tested favorably for reducing blood sugar levels. Benfotiamine is a fat-soluble form of vitamin B1 has proved effective by reversing the damage done to the retina due to high blood sugar in the cells. Another surgical research is the

Appearance of Pre-Hispanic Filipinos Essay Example for Free

Appearance of Pre-Hispanic Filipinos Essay The natives of the Philippine islands already wore different types of clothing and ornaments before the arrival of Spanish colonizers. The men usually wore short-sleeved, collarless jackets that reached just below the waste. The jackets were also symbols of their status in the community. The chief usually wore red, for example. The bahag was worn for the lower part. It is a strip of cloth wrapped around the waist which passes between the things, leaving the thighs and legs exposed. A head gear or a putong is a piece of cloth wrapped around the head. This is also important like the color of the jacket. A red putong meant that the wearer has already gone to war and killed an enemy. An embroidered putong meant that the wearer has killed at least seven enemies. Adornments such as necklaces, armlets or kalombiga, anklets, earrings and rings were also worn. These were usually made of gold and other precious stones. Women also wore sleeved jackets called baro and skirts called saya or patadyong. Women fancied wearing ornaments as well such as gem-studded bracelets, necklaces, earrings, and rings. Tattoos Tattoos played an important part in the appearance of pre-Hispanic Filipinos both for the men and women. Tattoos were considered to be the equivalent of medals, one had to work for and earn it. The more tattoos a person had, the more impressive was his or her war record. The Visayas was known to be the Islas del Pintados or Islands of the Painted People because it was the there that the early Spanish colonizers observed very tattooed people and Spanish writers referred to them as the pintados, meaning â€Å"painted†.

Chaucers The Franklins Tale from the Canterbury Tales Essay -- Chauc

Chaucer's The Franklin's Tale from the Canterbury Tales The Franklin’s Tale, one of the many stories comprising the Canterbury Tales, is one of Chaucer’s most celebrated and most contradictory works. This tale set in medieval Brittany narrates the uncanny marriage of the knight Arveragus and his lady Dorigen. This unlikely union was based on mutual trust, love and truthfulness and knew neither the rule of the lady that was typical of courtly love, nor the domination by the husband that was expected of a traditional marriage. In the controversial scene that will be discussed here, Arveragus orders Dorigen to give herself to a man to whom she had made the reckless promise of giving her love if he could accomplish an impossible deed. Critics have argued back and forth for centuries on the topic of knowing whether this scene (and the tale’s outcome) showed the validity of the marriage agreement or, on the contrary, its total utopia. Indeed, how should Arveragus’ reaction be interpreted? Does he stay true to his mar riage vow by sending his wife to a forced adultery? And what does it say about the couples’ values and the validity of their engagement? In my opinion, Arveragus violated the marriage agreement because he valued trouthe to others and knightly honor before trouthe to his wife and to his own promise. His actions were motivated not by the mutual promise the loving couple had made to each other but by the desire to save the couple’s honor in the face of society and to abide by the principle of trouthe, not truthfulness. In order to answer the question of whether Arveragus violates his marriage vows by ordering his wife to Aurelius, one must first carefully analyze said vows and determine exactly what kind of marr... ...2. Chaucer, Geoffrey. â€Å"The Franklin’s Tale†. The Canterbury Tales. Pages 337-358. Flake, Timothy H. â€Å"Love, Trouthe, and the Happy Ending of the Franklin’s Tale†. English Studies. 1996, 3. Pages 209-226. Kaske R.E. â€Å"Chaucer’s Marriage Group†. Chaucer the Love Poet. Edited by Jerome Mitchell and William Provost. University of Georgia Press, 1973. Lawler, Traugott. â€Å"Delicacy vs. Truth†. New Readings of Chaucer’s Poetry. Edited by Robert G. Benson and Susan J. Ridyard. Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2003. Schwartz, Debora B. â€Å"Backgrounds to Romance: Courtly Love†. Medieval Literature class. California Polytechnic State University, March 2001. http://cla.calpoly.edu/~dschwart/engl513/courtly/courtly.htm Severs, J. Burke. â€Å"The Tales of Romance†. Companion to Chaucer Studies. Edited by Beryl Rowland. Toronto: New York University Press, 1968. Pages 229-246.

ESL teacher classroom techniques Essay

The purpose of this study was to assess the specific classroom techniques used by ESL teachers to prevent /solve possible discipline related problems while employing cooperative activities with students. In this Enriched ESL cooperative classroom the teacher integrates instructional strategies that facilitate and encourage interaction, collaboration and investigation in the learning environment. The students in the class are not passive learners but are actively involved in the learning process, taking responsibility for their own learning. One of the major aspects of a cooperative learning environment is oral communication between and among students and with the classroom teacher. Students get a chance to discuss a multiplicity of issues that are relevant to the class and explore new concepts in their interactions. This type of learning and peer-to-peer interaction allow students to be engaged in the decision making process of their education and to contribute meaningfully to their own learning and that of their peers. In the cooperative ESL classroom interaction is unavoidable. Students have to work with each other in order to make learning meaningful and to develop the communicative skills necessary for useful function in the real-world language setting. Students need to feel comfortable interacting with each other, sharing ideas, investigating and exploring their language environment and working out solutions to problems. Thus on the road to developing competency in English students will have to make both an individual and a collaborative effort since one of the characteristics of language learning is to develop the social techniques that will help the learner understand how to use the language in a variety of cultural settings. Of course since interaction is intrinsic to the ESL classroom so is the potential for conflict and disciplinary concerns in the classroom. The ESL teacher needs to develop the right skills overtime to manage interactive behaviors in the classroom so that objectives are accomplished and indiscipline and other disruptive behaviors are avoided. In the current study the researcher wanted to determine the behaviors most frequently employed by ESL teachers within the cooperative learning context in response to or as a way of thwarting any potential disciplinary or non-task-related matters. The research questions that guided this research were therefore: . What classroom management techniques are ESL teachers using in the classroom in order to maintain discipline while implementing cooperative learning activities? 2. Can effective classroom management lead to successful improvement of cooperative learning activities and control discipline within groups? In order to accomplish the objectives of the study and to respond to the research questions a mixed methods research approach was taken. This involved the gathering of both qua litative and quantitative data. A questionnaire survey, administered to the ESL teacher, was used to gather the qualitative data. The quantitative data was obtained through observations of the teacher’s classroom behavior in cooperative learning sessions. Participants This study was conducted in a classroom setting and involved an ESL teacher and 28 students, in a francophone private school in Quebec City, Canada. The ESL teacher is a fairly young teacher who has been working at this private school for the past 9 years. The students are primarily from very affluent backgrounds. This is probably because the school charges a very high fee for students wishing to attend and thus only the children of parents of a high socio-economic status, who can afford those fees, are able to attend. The students were observed in their ESL class. They were taking the ELA program in grade 5. ELA is a program for high school students in grade 4 and 5. Students in this program would have completed the EESL program and succeeded the ESL core examination at the end of grade 3. The demographics of the students were 16 girls and 12 boys. They were aged between 15 and 17 years old. This group of students and the ESL teacher were selected because they were utilizing cooperative learning strategies at the time of the research. In fact, the students observed in this study had been taking part in cooperative learning for quite some time. Data collection instrument: A variety of instruments were used in the process of data collection. An initial set of data was collected from the ESL teacher using a telephone interview. The interview included a series of question on how the teacher implemented cooperative learning in her classroom (Appendix 1). The 11 questions on the interview were formulated by the researcher. Another instrument used was the Communicative Orientation of Language Teaching, (COLT) observation scheme by Spada and Frohlich (1995) for the periods of observation in the classroom (Appendix 2). The COLT scheme has been used for decades by classroom researchers in examining interactive classroom behaviors. The COLT scheme was used in its original format, without any modifications, except that the researcher used only the sections on activities and episodes, participant organization and content for the purposes of the research. Data collection procedure The study was conducted at the end of February, at the beginning of the last term of the school year. The students were expected to graduate at the end of the term. In the initial phase of the study the researcher contacted the ESL teacher to respond to the interview questions over the phone. This conversation was also used to make arrangements for a meeting at the school to discuss a few things that needed clarification. The purpose of the interview was to discover the teacher’s attitude towards cooperative working activities, how the teacher used cooperative learning in her classroom, the kind of classroom management techniques she used to instill discipline while implementing cooperative activities and students’ participation in group work activities. The second part of the study involved classroom observations of the same teacher, interacting with a group of 28 students enrolled in the ELA program in grade 5 of high school. The purpose of the observations was to validate the information gathered during the interview. The COLT scheme (Spada, & Frolich, 1995) was used to collect this data. The classroom observations were conducted during three (3) separate classroom periods of 75 minutes duration each while the students were involved in cooperative activities. The research made the checks and marks under the appropriate categories of the COLT. The researcher checked each time the ESL teacher had to intervene in order to direct the students back to their work. The participants were observed three times on three different days of the week in ESL classes where the students where involved in cooperative activities. One of the observations weas done during the first period of the morning, the second was done during the second period and the third observation was done during the last period on Friday afternoon. In the classroom the teacher assigned the students to groups of 4. There were 7 groups. Each student chose one of four topics for a project and they were grouped based on their choice. The teacher provided students with 4 different topics which were then numbered. She finally set up the groups by placing the students together trying to respect, as much as possible, the student’s personal choice. The teacher and students arranged the desks arranged in pairs side-by-side opposite another pair. Such arrangement enabled students to talk to each other with ease. The main characteristics observed by the researcher were students’ behavior and teacher’s interventions during the cooperative learning. This kind of observation was chosen because it gave an idea of the actual classroom practice in terms of students’ behavior and the teacher’s interventions. This may allow some generalization of the results to other classes and teachers that use cooperative learning. Data analysis procedure When all the data were collected the information collected from the COLT (Spada & Frohlich, 1995) was analyzed. The teacher’s interventions were tallied for each observation period and the three periods were compared. The teacher’s responses during the telephone interview, and the information from the COLT scheme, as gathered through observations, were also compared. The purpose of this comparison was to determine the correlation between the reported classroom management techniques that the teacher mentioned during the interview and the actual practices used in the classroom. Results and analysis The data reveal the nature of teachers’ interventions and the students’ behavior during cooperative learning activities. The researcher observed the ESL teacher three times. During the first observation, the teacher had to intervene a total of 12 times. The teacher intervened 3 times to give group feedback and remind the students that they were to read and follow instructions in their booklet, 3 times to refocus students on the task because they were doing something besides their project, 3 times to remind students to communicate in the target language and three times 3 times when she noticed that some students were not working on their projects. During the second period of observation, the teacher had to spend some time reminding students that they were expected to play the roles they had been assigned by the group. Also, she reminded them that everyone was to contribute to the success of their project. The teacher intervened 8 times during this period – 3 times to remind students to communicate in the target language, twice to give feedback to some groups, 3 times to counter inappropriate behavior among certain groups where the students did not display behavior appropriate to the classroom. During the third period of observation, the teacher had to intervene 15 times. of the interventions were to remind students to use the target language in the classroom, 3 times to refocus students on the task because they were doing something besides their project, 4 times for displaying behavior inappropriate to the classroom and 4 times because students were not fulfilling their roles in the group. Some of the more common disrup tive behaviors that were noted include drawing obscenities, spending too much time sharpening their pencils, browsing fancy magazines and passing objects other than their project amongst the groups members. Students sometimes were talking to another group. During the third period one important observation was that students stopped working and arranged their bag while there was still about 8 minutes left in the period. The teacher used that time to settle students and remind them that they had only two periods left to finish their project. In examining the teacher’s reported estimation of the frequency of interventions during cooperative activities as stated during the interview and comparing them to the classroom observation, the results showed that the reported and actual practices were closely aligned. With respect to the techniques used to instill discipline during cooperative learning activities the classroom observations and the telephone interview also demonstrate a positive relationship. For the most part the groups were cooperative. Only 42. 86% of the students, 3 out of 7 groups, displayed problems staying on task. These groups appeared not to have shared the tasks amongst themselves fairly. The teacher had to visit this group very often to ensure that they were working. Observations of the ESL teacher revealed that she used effective cooperative activities which decreased the problems of classroom management to a tolerable level which led students to effectively work in cooperative activities in the classroom. In order to create a successful environment so that students could work effectively in groups, the observed teacher tried many techniques to manage cooperative learning. From the interview she indicated that she used cooperative activities quite frequently. She gave students roles such as ‘Captain English’. This student was to ensure that the entire group used only English in the class. The secretary had to note decisions and ideas during brainstorming and other activities. The president was in charge of seeing that everyone had been working and checking that all the documents were submitted on time. Finally, there was ‘Captain Cheer-up’. This person’s duty was to cheer up the team, motivating them whenever they had successfully accomplished a task and was ready to go forward in the project. The ELS teacher assigned the students to group using the student’s choice of a topic. Based on the report from the teacher group formation has an important role in the success of cooperative activities and students would make the best of their experience in cooperative working if the groups were heterogeneous. The students were quite comfortable working with each other and the teacher. They had been taking the same level English course and they had been studying together for two year. Many of them knew each other very well and were close friends. This is also true of the ESL teacher who had been teaching the same group for come time. According to the teacher, students should not be allowed to choose their peers to form their own teams to do cooperative working otherwise they might not work well and spend the time to talk about things out of the subject. The observed teacher had already explained to the students the most important points in order to obtain better results when working in cooperative learning. She had also explained the different roles the students should hold while working in teams. She had also taught the students how to share the task within the group members and she had emphasized the importance of grouping making. Correct choice of group size was one of the techniques that the teacher used to ensure that the teacher was able to effectively manage student behavior during cooperative working. Research suggests that group sizes should not be too big, a reasonable size being two to four students. The teacher also walked among the groups to ensure that they stayed on task and even offered them needed feedback. According to the teacher, feedback is extremely important for the success of cooperative working as it gives the students the opportunity to adapt themselves according to the teacher’s instructions. The teacher randomly selected a student from each team to present his or her group results. It was a good strategy to make sure that students had worked effectively and that everyone in the team was prepared give respond in case he or she was selected. Reward was primordial in order to raise motivation amongst the groups. The teacher rewarded every team that had worked hard. She also asked students to divide the work into parts and write their names according to what each student’s responsibilities were. Discussion There are limited studies examining effective classroom management techniques for cooperative learning activities in ESL classrooms. The purpose of this study was to fill the gap in the existing literature by discovering and highlighting the specific classroom techniques used by ESL teachers to manage cooperative learning activities successfully by addressing the questions: what management classroom techniques can teachers use in the classroom in order to instill discipline and implement cooperative learning activities? nd can effective classroom management lead to successful improvement of cooperative learning activities and control discipline within the groups? This study has attempted to show different ways in which the cooperative teaching method could improve students’ behavior and help classroom discipline. With principles such as positive interdependence, face-to-face promoting interactions, individual and group accountability, interpersonal, small group skills and grou p processing, cooperative learning has all the necessary elements to ensure that discipline is maintained in the classroom. The current research conforms to existing research paradigms on classroom management and the results are representative of previous findings in this area. In examining the effect of classroom management on the success of cooperative learning, this study, like others before it, showed that group formation is an effective classroom management tool for cooperative learning activities. Research recommends randomly assigned heterogeneous groups of students to form success cooperative groups. This study supported the finding that these groups are successfully managed in the classroom and are preferred to homogenous, self-selected groups (Emmer, Gerwels & Austin, 2005). The students in this group performed well because groups were heterogeneous so the students were able to profit from everybody’s contribution. The data collected also showed that group size was a very important factor in helping to ensure classroom management success in cooperative learning strategies. Studies also support that assigning specific roles to each student in a group ensures that everyone stays on task and that cooperative learning strategies would be more successful. This success is even further assured when students respect the roles they have in the group. Researchers have suggested the use of rewards to help motivate students to stay on task and to successfully complete activities in cooperative learning groups. The teacher in this study employed rewards to hardworking groups and this was able to motivate them to perform well. When members of the group look forward to a reward they will ensure that each works in completing the task so that all the members would benefit, they are aware that failure of one person to do what is required would result in the failure of the entire group. One thing that was immediately obvious from the observations was that students were, for the most part, aware of good cooperative skills. The students in this group have been involved in cooperative learning for quite a while and thus this exposure might have helped them to develop proper cooperative learning strategies. While there were some disruptions during the class, these were not significant enough to take away from the cooperative task and students by and large appeared to understand what was required in the cooperative groups and the proper procedures they needed to follow. Overall, the study has shown that it is possible to use cooperative learning and manage the classroom successfully. Nevertheless, all the elements of successful cooperative learning have to be adhered to in order to obtain good results. Moreover, the students must be aware of what is expected in cooperative activities. This study fits well in the existing literature on cooperative learning and classroom management. It could help ESL teacher with their classroom management while doing cooperative learning and administrators when they are examining, planning and implementing alternative teaching strategies and approaches. Conclusion This study supported the idea that cooperative learning, if used effectively, can help teachers manage their classes. If cooperative learning is implemented effectively, it could facilitate the effective management of the classroom. However, there are many elements that should be taken into consideration to attain such result. Based on these finding, teachers need to pay more attention to the classroom management techniques they use during cooperative learning. This study showed that it is possible for ESL teachers to implement cooperative learning and manage their classroom successfully if they have effective classroom management techniques. Knowing that classroom management is an important element for the success of cooperative learning, this study aimed to help teachers who implement this method for the first time to better manage their classes. This study has many limitations. Only one ESL teacher and one group of high school students in grade 5 participated in the study. Moreover, the research group was already organized when the research did the observation. Due to time constraints, the researcher could not observe the ESL teacher with her students more than three times. The results of this study provide a description of the implementation of cooperative learning that is specific to the participating teacher. Amongst all the techniques used by the ESL teacher during the observation, there is one that the teachers did not implement in her classroom. She did not have the students write a daily report to inform what they had done on that day and who had done what in the project. Therefore, more research is needed to determine the extent to which these results could be if such technique should be applied. This study showed how the ESL teacher managed her classroom and how the students behaved during cooperative learning. However, it is not easy to generalize the results because the observations were done by only one researcher. The results needed to be validated by another observer.

Demand For Medical Tourism Health And Social Care Essay

Surveies on wellness related mobility have long paid attending to the migration of patients from less developed states to industrialised states in hunt of wellness services that are unavailable in their state of beginning ( Paffhausen, et al. , 2010 ) . Recently, motion in the opposite way, which is referred to as medical touristry, has captured the involvement of the media ( Horowitz, et al. , 2007 ) . Medical touristry describes the phenomenon of citizens from extremely developed states going to states at variable degrees of development for world-class but low-cost medical services that are non available in their ain communities ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ; Woodman, 2007 ) . Unlike wellness touristry which is by and large viewed as a pleasure-oriented touristry affecting gratifying and restful activities ( Pollock & A ; Williams, 2000 ; Bennett, et al. , 2004 ) , medical touristry is distinguished from wellness touristry by the earnestness of unwellness and the degree of physical intercession required ( Hendersen, 2004 ; Carrera & A ; Bridges, 2006 ; Connell, 2006 ) . In this regard, Hendersen ( 2004, p.113 ) defines medical touristry as a pattern that ‘incorporates wellness showing, hospitalization, and surgical operations ‘ . This essay will concentrate the treatment on a figure of medical touristry issues with mention to economic theory including market drivers and determiners of demand for medical touristry, the crowding-out and crowding-in effects of medical touristry on public wellness of hosting states. The essay begins with the market drivers and determiners of demand for medical touristry. This will be followed by treatment of the ability of medical touristry in bettering public wellness – the crowding-in consequence. The essay will so discourse the crowding-out consequence of medical touristry – the fact that national resources are diverted from public heath to more profitable private services for international patients.Market drivers and determiners of demand for medical touristryAlthough medical touristry is an emerging industry ( Hopkins, et al. , 2010 ; Paffhausen, 2010 ) , the industry itself has grown dramatically over the past decennary ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ; Paffhausen, 2010 ) . The rapid growing of the planetary medical touristry industry is facilitated by the important addition in demand for cross-border medical interventions which is fuelled by a figure of factors such as high wellness attention costs, expensive insurance premiums, long waiting l ists, and high income in developed states ( Horowitz & A ; Rosensweig, 2007 ; Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Health attention costs are a push and a pull of demand for medical touristry 1There is incompatibility in the value of monetary value snap of demand for wellness attention among different surveies and different medical services. For physician services, Lee and Hadley ( 1981 ) found that monetary value snap of demand is about -2.8 to -5.07, while in the survey of McCarthy ( 1985 ) the value was -3.07 to -3.26. At hospital degree, monetary value snap of demand for wellness attention is smaller, runing from -0.8 for patient yearss to -1.1 for admittances ( Feldman & A ; Dowd, 1986 ) . Rosett and Huang ( 1973 ) found that outgo for wellness attention is sensitive to monetary value, with monetary value snap of -0.35 to -1.5. Although different surveies yield different Numberss and different groups of people may hold different degree of sensitiveness to monetary value, these surveies tell us the same narrative: demand for wellness attention is monetary value elastic. Health attention market faces high monetary value snap of demand and patients are sensitive to price1 ( Rosett & A ; Huang, 1973 ; Lee & A ; Hadley, 1981 ; McCarthy, 1985 ; Feldman & A ; Dowd, 1986 ) . In fact, the primary ground why people travel in hunt of wellness attention is monetary value considerations ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Harmonizing to microeconomic theory, as wellness attention costs rise, the demand for wellness attention would diminish as a consequence ( McPake & A ; Normand, 2008 ; Folland, et al. , 2010 ) . As a rational economic person, in the attempt to minimise costs of wellness attention and maximise public-service corporation, the patient has become a medical tourer ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Like other trade goods, monetary value is one of the most of import determiners of measure demanded for wellness attention ( McPake & A ; Normand, 2008 ; Folland, et al. , 2010 ) . Rising wellness attention costs in place scenes and significantly lower monetary values of medical interventions in finish states are playing as a push and a pull severally of demand for medical touristry ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . In the United States ( US ) , for illustration, it is estimated that the national wellness outgo has raised by 43.5 % from $ 1.3 trillion in 2003 to $ 2.8 trillion in 2008, of which 12 % ( $ 278 million ) was from personal payments ( US Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services, 2008 ) . This go oning addition in heath outgo exacts a great toll on wellness attention consumers. A survey by Himmelstein ( 2009 ) reveals that in 2007, over 62.1 % of all bankruptcies in the US were medical, and wellness attention costs have become the fastest turning constituent of Americans ‘ market basket. As a consequence, patients are pushed to go to where their demand can be met with low-cost monetary values to increase public-service corporation. With the lifting wellness attention costs in industrialised states, high quality services at important lower monetary values in developing states have become the inducement for patients seeking interventions abroad. Harmonizing to Deloitte ( 2008 ) , medical services in India, Thailand, Singapore can be every bit low as 10 % of those in the US, while other surveies reveals that the costs in some medical touristry finishs can be 30 % -70 % cheaper than those that medical tourers have to pay in their states ( Mugomba & A ; Danell, 2007 cited in Paffhausen, 2010 ) . The cost that includes airfare and holiday bundle of a bosom valve replacing surgery, for illustration, is merely $ 10,000 in India, while it costs $ 200,000 in the US ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Hospitals in Singapore charge $ 18,000 for a knee replacing with a six twenty-four hours in-patient intervention which would be a patient $ 30,000 in the US ( Herrick, 2007 ) . World-class medical interventions with significan tly cheaper monetary values in developing states have been drawing the possible wellness attention consumers in developed states to prosecute interventions overseas ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Insurance coverage, waiting clip, and income Econometric patterning on heath attention ingestion behavior suggests that insurance coverage, deductibles, and co-payments are among the variables of the demand map for wellness attention with negative correlativity coefficients ( Folland, et al. , 2010 ) . High wellness insurance premiums means people tend to purchase low-budget programs that merely cover a little basket of heath services or people may take non to purchase insurance ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . It is estimated that over 46 million Americans are uninsured, doing nest eggs on medical processs abroad more attractive ( Starr & A ; Fernandopulle, 2005 ; Milstein & A ; Smith, 2006 ) . In add-on, high deductibles and co-payment sometimes make the cost of wellness attention out of range of patients even though they have insurance ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Given demand for wellness attention is infinite and patient ‘s income is finite, it is non surprising to see people going to seek medical interventions outside their states ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . In states where there is a national health care plan such as Canada and the United Kingdom, waiting clip is the figure one barrier to entree to wellness attention ( Statistics Canada, 2005 ; Horowitz, et al. , 2007 ; Turner, 2007 ) . A recent survey finds that Canadians wait an norm of 8.4 hebdomads for General Practitioner ‘s referral to a specializer and delay another 9.5 hebdomads for intervention ( Asia Pacific Post, 2005 cited in Conrady & A ; Buck, 2008 ) . When a waiting list for a peculiar process is excessively long, the patients, particularly those who have high clip monetary values, may be willing to short-circuit the free services offered at place and travel abroad to hold a timely intervention and accomplish satisfaction Oklahoman ( Hopkins, 2010 ) . An extra factor that fuels medical touristry demand is income. Harmonizing to microeconomic theory, the more disposable income a individual has, the more it is available for ingestion, including the ingestion of wellness services ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ; Pindyck & A ; Rubinfeld, 2009 ) . Therefore, high income translates into the possibility of purchasing more wellness and preventative medical specialty ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) .Medical touristry and public wellness: crowding-in consequenceMedial touristry has become one of the most of import national economic activities thanks to the advantages it provides to hosting states ( UNESCAP, 2009 ) . The advantages such as economic addition, improved medical substructure and external encephalon drain decrease enable medical touristry to better and spread out public wellness, which is known as the crowding-in consequence of medical touristry ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Available information reveals that the planetary medical touristry industry generated about $ 60 billion in grosss in 2008 and the figure is projected to be $ 188 billion by the terminal of 2010 ( Deloitte, 2008 ) . Through cross-subsidization, the ensuing grosss can be reinvested in public wellness which consequences in increased entree, greater coverage, and improved quality of wellness attention for the local population ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ; Hopkins, 2010 ) . Cross-subsidization can besides take the signifier of sharing infirmary beds, heath professionals, and medical substructure ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Thailand, Argentina, and Malaysia, for illustration, have been utilizing telemedicine – a portion of technological invention associated with medical touristry – to supply wellness attention to advance parts ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Hence, the development of medical touristry, through macroeconomic redistribution policy, can heighten publi c heath and bring forth positive outwardness.Medical touristry and public wellness: crowding-out consequenceBing considered as a major stimulation of socioeconomic development through advancing medical touristry, private infirmaries have been having considerable subsidies from authorities ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ; UNESCAP, 2009 ) . Given scarce resource, such support may take away resources from public wellness attention. Promoting medical touristry besides diverts human resource off from public services to private sector where heath attention staff may have higher income and work in an international criterion environment ( Sen, 2008 ) . In Thailand, for illustration, 6,000 places in public wellness services are still remained unfilled as an addition figure of wellness attention forces is attracted by higher wage and better working environment in private sector ( Saniotis, 2008 ) . Private infirmaries in Malaysia employ 54 % of the state ‘s physicians while accounting fo r merely 20 % of entire infirmary beds ( Gross, 1999 ) . In India, 80 % of wellness outgo is now in the private sector, while about half of all Indian adult females still present their babes without medical attenders ( WHO Statistical Information System, 2006 ) . By concentrating national resources for international patients, the hosting state may put on the line denying its ain citizen just entree to care, and make a double market construction for wellness attention in which one section of high quality services is for aliens and the other of lower quality is for local patients ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . The ground underlying this polarisation is the tradeoff between the resources for public wellness and those for medical touristry ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . Health attention for local population is crowded out as most of the resources are enticed off from local patients ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) . This double market construction besides creates a state of affairs in which those who need less care normally acquire overtreatment while excepting the neediest 1s or cut downing their use ( Bookman & A ; Bookman, 2007 ) .DecisionMedical touristry refers to patients going from developed states to less developed or developing stat es for medical interventions. Medical touristry is market driven in which sky-rocketing wellness attention costs, expensive wellness insurance premiums, long waiting list at place are obliging grounds for patients from western states to seek cross-border interventions. Theoretical and empirical groundss prove that medical touristry crowds in public wellness thanks to the advantages it brings to destination states such as revenue enhancement grosss, decrease in encephalon drain and improved medical substructure. However, medical touristry besides crowds out public heath of finish states by taking resources off from public wellness services. For-profit private infirmaries could sabotage quality of attention at public wellness installations for local population. With higher wage and better working status at private installations, public wellness establishments may endure internal encephalon drain. Therefore, medical touristry has both positive and negative impacts on hosting states ‘ public wellness, and these effects should have equal attending they deserve.

010 Syllabus and Introduction Professor Ramos Blog

010 Syllabus and Introduction Introductions Welcome to English 010, Preparation for College English at Crafton Hills College. We will be using the blog to post comments and final drafts of essays in order to help us learn from each other. One of the best ways to improve your writing is to study the writing of others. This blog will allow us to share and see others’ writings. I will also be posting updates and assignments to make sure we are all on the same page. The syllabus will be posted under Syllabus. The resources page with have links and videos to help you with citations, WordPress, and more. Textbook The textbook for this class is â€Å"They Say, I Say†Ã‚  with readings, 4th edition. Make sure to order the textbook that has the readings included! The cover should be bluish, not black. Introductions Ice breaker. In groups of 2 or 3 answer these questions. Name Major Like to read or write? 1 2 Interesting facts We will introduce one another. You have six minutes to answer the questions. Genre

30 Quotes From Hemingways For Whom the Bell Tolls

30 Quotes From Hemingways For Whom the Bell Tolls Ernest Hemingways novel For Whom the Bell Tolls was originally published in 1940 and follows a young American guerrilla fighter and dynamiter named Robert Jordan during the Spanish Civil War as he plots to blow up a bridge during an attack on the city of Segovia. Along with The Old Man and the Sea, A Farewell to Arms, and The Sun Also Rises, For Whom the Bell Tolls is regarded as one of Hemingways most popular works, and is quoted in conversation and English classrooms alike across the United States, even to this day. The following quotes most exemplify the eloquence and ease with which Hemingway addressed the turmoil and strife of living the American dream during the 1920s through 40s. Providing Context and Setting Through Quotes For Whom the Bell Tolls relies heavily on Hemingways own experience reporting on the conditions in Spain during the Spanish Civil War as a journalist for the North American Newspaper Alliance, as he saw the brutality of the war and what it did to both domestic and foreign fighters for and against the fascist rule of the time. International soldiers helping overthrow the rulership had it especially hard - at least in terms of fearing for their lives, as expressed in Chapter 1 when Hemingway writes I would always rather not know. Then, no matter what can happen, it was not me that talked and again later in the chapter when he writes I dont like that sadness, he thought. That sadness is bad. Thats the sadness they bet before they quit or betray. That is the sadness that comes before the sell-out. Religion played a large role in Spain at the time (and currently, for that matter), though the protagonist of Hemingways piece grappled with the existence of God. In Chapter 3, Hemingway wrote But with our without God, I think it is a sin to kill. To take the life of another is to me very grave. I will do it whenever necessary but I am not of the race of Pablo. In the following quote from Chapter 4, Hemingway masterfully describes the details of Spanish life at the time, especially for foreigners like the protagonist. One cup of it took the place of the evening papers, of all the old evenings in cafà ©s, of all chestnut trees that would be in bloom now in this month, of the great slow horses of the outer boulevards, of book shops, of kiosques, and of galleries, of the Parc Montsouris, of the Stade Buffalo, and of the Butte Chaumont, of the Guarangy Trust Company and the Ile de la Cità ©, of Foyots old hotel, and of being able to read and relax in the evening; of all things he had enjoyed and forgotten and that came back to him when he tasted that opaque, bitter, tongue-numbing, brain-warming, stomach-warming, idea-changing liquid alchemy. On Loss and Ugliness In Chapter 9, Hemingway says that To make war all you need is intelligence. But to win you need talent and material, but this almost lighthearted observation is overshadowed by the following grief at experiencing the ugliness of wartime in Spain. In Chapter 10, the protagonist grapples with having to behold the horrors mankind is capable of committing: Look at the ugliness. Yet one has a feeling within one that blinds a man while he loves you. You, with that feeling, blind him, and blind yourself. Then, one day, for no reason, he sees you as ugly as you really are and he is not blind anymore and then you see yourself as ugly as he sees you and you lose your man and your feeling... After a while, when you are as ugly as I am, as ugly as women can be, then, as I say after a while the feeling, the idiotic feeling that you are beautiful, grows slowly in one again. It grows like a cabbage. And then, when the feeling is grown, another man sees you and thinks you are beautiful and it is all to do over. In the next chapter, Hemingway discusses dealing with loss itself: You only heard the statement of the loss. You did not see the father fall as Pilar made him see the fascists die in that story she had told by the stream. You knew the father died in some courtyard, or against some wall, or in some field or orchard, or at night, in the lights of a truck, beside some road. You had seen the lights of the car from down the hills and heard the shooting and afterwards you had come down to the road and found the bodies. You did not see the mother shot, nor the sister, nor the brother. You heard about it; you heard the shots; and you saw the bodies. A Reprieve Mid-Novel Halfway through For Whom the Bell Tolls, Hemingway allows the protagonist Jordan a moment of reprieve from the war in an unexpected way: the quiet cold of winter. In Chapter 14, Hemmingway describes it as almost as exciting as battle: It was like the excitement of the battle except it was clean... In a snowstorm it always seemed, for a time, as though there were no enemies. In a snowstorm the wind could blow a gale; but it blew a white cleanness and the air was full of a driving whiteness and all things were changed and when the wind stopped there would be the stillness. This was a big storm and he might as well enjoy it. It was ruining everything, but he might as well enjoy it. But even these moments are tainted in wartimes. Hemingway describes the idea of going back while the war is still raging on in Chapter 18 by saying Here it is the shift from deadliness to normal family life that is the strangest. This is largely because, after a while, soldiers get used to the mentality of battle: You learned the dry-mouthed, fear-purged purging ecstasy of battle and you fought that summer and that fall for all the poor in the world against all tyranny, for all the things you believed in and for the new world you had been educated into.- Chapter 18 The End of the Novel and Other Selected Quotes In Chapter 25, Hemingway writes In war cannot say what say what one feels, and in Chapter 26 he revisits the notion of self-awareness and governance: It is right, he told himself, not reassuringly, but proudly. I believe in the people and their right to govern themselves as they wish. But you mustnt believe in killing, he told himself. You must do it as a necessity but you must not believe in it. If you believe in it the whole thing is wrong. One character in Chapter 27 was described as not at all afraid of dying but he was angry at being on this hill which was only utilizable as a place to die... Dying was nothing and he had no picture of it or fear of it in his mind. and further expanded on the thought later in the chapter in his observation of life: Living was a hawk in the sky. Living was an earthen jar of water in the dust of the threshing with the grain flailed out and the chaff blowing. Living was a horse between your legs and a carbine under one leg and a hill and a valley and a stream with trees along it and the far side of the valley and the hills beyond. On soldiers, Hemingway wrote in Chapter 30 I guess really good soldiers are really good at very little else and again in Chapter 31 There is no finer and no worse people in the world. No kinder people and no crueler. But still, Hemingway applauds those who fight because, as he says in Chapter 34, It was easier to live under a regime than fight it.

Writer's Choice Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Writer's Choice - Movie Review Example The result was a huge loss of public money. It appears that during the early stages of this transition financial sector was favored by politicians; however, during the times of crisis considerable pressure was exerted over political forces by the previously favored financial sector. The role of academics in this regard is also controversial since the income of many such figures is largely based on their work as consultants mainly involved in favoring the working of financial sector. In my opinion, this whole move which started taking its shape in the 80s was a very well planned action which was taken by the learned elite of the society. Their knowledge of fiscal issues coupled with the mal-intent of politicians aimed at targeting the natural greed of a common person; money was used as a tool to convert opposition into friendliness. The ultimate result was the formation of a high-rise mountain of gold which filled the pockets of those who planned it; leaving the others bankrupt and

Assessing and Understanding the Foreign Exchange Market Essay

Assessing and Understanding the Foreign Exchange Market - Essay Example (Investopedia) Chinese foreign exchange market plays an important role in the development of its economy. It is an important source of investment and income in China. The Chinese foreign exchange market mainly deals in Chinese RMB Renminbi Yuan. The basic function of Chinese foreign exchange market is to conversion the currencies. For example in this market the U.S. dollars can be converted into Chinese RMB. Another important function of Chinese currency market is that it facilitates international business transactions of China through the conversion of currencies. (Laura Acevedo) An important tool for stable economic growth is currency value and this market helps the central bank in controlling the value of its currency through buying and selling. It is also a productive source of investment for the investors in China because if they a currency at a lower rate and due to fluctuations in currency rate they are able to sell it at a higher rate than this sure is a profitable investment . (Maps of World) Spot rate is the price that a buyer is ready to pay for buying a currency in terms of another currency. Chinese spot exchange rates are determined by the central bank. This determination by the central bank is based on a number of factors which include the buying and selling of Yuan in different exchange markets, the value of Yuan in term of other currencies- as this value keeps on changing the spot rate of Chinese exchange market also changes simultaneously. These rates are very important in the Chinese currency market as they are the current exchange rate on the basis of which the day to day transactions of the Chinese stock market take place. And without these rates no business is possible in this market. (Investopedia) Forward exchange rate is the rate at which a currency can be traded for one currency at a particular time in future. This time ranges between two days to twelve months. China puts forward exchange rate reforms when necessary in order to maintain its social and economic stability. Forward exchange rate plays an important role in insuring foreign exchange risks because when a country enters in a transaction through forward exchange rate and in the meantime the exchange rates fall badly then the forward exchange rate act as insurance against unprofitable dealings. (Ozforex) One of the most important theories used for the determination of currency exchange rate is purchasing power parity theory (PPP). It is an economic theory that calculates the changes that are to be made in the currencies of two countries in order to make the difference between their exchange rates and their purchasing power equal. Mathematically this theory is represented as follows: S=P1/P2 Here â€Å"s† is the exchange rate between the two currencies. â€Å"P1† is the price of good x in country one and â€Å"P2† is the price of good x in country two. This theory can be elaborated by an example that if a cold drink costs 1.50 Yuan in ch ina than it should be worth 1.00 us dollars if the exchange rate between U.S.A and china is 1.50 USD/RMB. This theory helps the economists in determining the standard of living in different countries. (Investopedia) It is possible that a currency may be devalued but the standards of living may remain high due the higher purchasing power of the people. Most of the economists prefer purchasing parity concept in the calculation of GDP as countries like china intentionally understate their currency value which results in the understatement of GDP. Therefore mostly the GDP of different countries is calculated through purchasing parity approach. This theory also helps in the correction of trade